Two Provers in Isolation
... The starting point of this research is clearly the Bit Commitment scheme introduced by BenOr, Goldwasser, Kilian and Wigderson [BGKW88]. The security of a Two-Prover Bit Commitment scheme against quantum adversaries has been considered in the past in the work of Brassard, Crépeau, Mayers and Salvai ...
... The starting point of this research is clearly the Bit Commitment scheme introduced by BenOr, Goldwasser, Kilian and Wigderson [BGKW88]. The security of a Two-Prover Bit Commitment scheme against quantum adversaries has been considered in the past in the work of Brassard, Crépeau, Mayers and Salvai ...
bohr`s semiclassical model of the black hole
... of the quantum field dynamics according to general transformations of coordinates, which implies that a wave can be considered as a complex mixture of the plane waves (this mixture can be effectively treated as the spectrum of the black body). Simplified, black hole can gravitationally interact with ...
... of the quantum field dynamics according to general transformations of coordinates, which implies that a wave can be considered as a complex mixture of the plane waves (this mixture can be effectively treated as the spectrum of the black body). Simplified, black hole can gravitationally interact with ...
Physical justification for using the tensor product to describe two
... space formalism, where one defines first the states and afterwards the observables. This idea gave birth to the C ∗ -algebra approach of quantum mechanics. But still, an observable being represented by an operator is not a physically very clear idea. One can remark however that it is always possible ...
... space formalism, where one defines first the states and afterwards the observables. This idea gave birth to the C ∗ -algebra approach of quantum mechanics. But still, an observable being represented by an operator is not a physically very clear idea. One can remark however that it is always possible ...
Quantum Correlations and Fundamental Conservation Laws
... fall in this class. Bell’s inequalities can be obeyed (in the general case) only by violating a fundamental conservation law, making them redundant in physics. 3) The origin of Bell’s inequalities can be traced unambiguously to the single step of ignoring wave-particle duality and has nothing to do ...
... fall in this class. Bell’s inequalities can be obeyed (in the general case) only by violating a fundamental conservation law, making them redundant in physics. 3) The origin of Bell’s inequalities can be traced unambiguously to the single step of ignoring wave-particle duality and has nothing to do ...
The notion of four-momentum in TGD
... But is it possible to speak about a direct sum of Super Virasoro algebras in this case? It seems that only the inclusion electroweak part to symplectic part represented in terms of fermionic currents allows this and would bring in two tensor factors so that one would have 3 tensor factors. If one co ...
... But is it possible to speak about a direct sum of Super Virasoro algebras in this case? It seems that only the inclusion electroweak part to symplectic part represented in terms of fermionic currents allows this and would bring in two tensor factors so that one would have 3 tensor factors. If one co ...
Quantum Superpositions and the Representation of Physical Reality
... and not to the Aristotelian metaphysical definition of a mode of existence (independent of subjects). While the empiricist considers that the construction of theories always begins from observable data, the representational realist recognizes that theory construction is an entangled process of prod ...
... and not to the Aristotelian metaphysical definition of a mode of existence (independent of subjects). While the empiricist considers that the construction of theories always begins from observable data, the representational realist recognizes that theory construction is an entangled process of prod ...
On the Control of Open Quantum Systems in the Weak Coupling Limit
... where the operators V j are the so-called LindbladKossakowski operators, cf., e.g., [2]. Here H is the closed system Hamiltonian H0 augmented with the socalled Lamb shift term, HLamb , which depends on the interaction between the system and the environment. The derivation of the equation (1) is the ...
... where the operators V j are the so-called LindbladKossakowski operators, cf., e.g., [2]. Here H is the closed system Hamiltonian H0 augmented with the socalled Lamb shift term, HLamb , which depends on the interaction between the system and the environment. The derivation of the equation (1) is the ...
Quantum key distribution
Quantum key distribution (QKD) uses quantum mechanics to guarantee secure communication. It enables two parties to produce a shared random secret key known only to them, which can then be used to encrypt and decrypt messages. It is often incorrectly called quantum cryptography, as it is the most well known example of the group of quantum cryptographic tasks.An important and unique property of quantum key distribution is the ability of the two communicating users to detect the presence of any third party trying to gain knowledge of the key. This results from a fundamental aspect of quantum mechanics: the process of measuring a quantum system in general disturbs the system. A third party trying to eavesdrop on the key must in some way measure it, thus introducing detectable anomalies. By using quantum superpositions or quantum entanglement and transmitting information in quantum states, a communication system can be implemented which detects eavesdropping. If the level of eavesdropping is below a certain threshold, a key can be produced that is guaranteed to be secure (i.e. the eavesdropper has no information about it), otherwise no secure key is possible and communication is aborted.The security of encryption that uses quantum key distribution relies on the foundations of quantum mechanics, in contrast to traditional public key cryptography which relies on the computational difficulty of certain mathematical functions, and cannot provide any indication of eavesdropping at any point in the communication process, or any mathematical proof as to the actual complexity of reversing the one-way functions used. QKD has provable security based on information theory, and forward secrecy.Quantum key distribution is only used to produce and distribute a key, not to transmit any message data. This key can then be used with any chosen encryption algorithm to encrypt (and decrypt) a message, which can then be transmitted over a standard communication channel. The algorithm most commonly associated with QKD is the one-time pad, as it is provably secure when used with a secret, random key. In real world situations, it is often also used with encryption using symmetric key algorithms like the Advanced Encryption Standard algorithm. In the case of QKD this comparison is based on the assumption of perfect single-photon sources and detectors, that cannot be easily implemented.