M05/11
... As an example, we return to the case of spin-1/2. With the notation previously established, we have Aη (F (x)) = Aη ( 12 (1 + 3b·x)) = T (b). But F (x) = 12 (1 + 3b · x) is not a fuzzy set function. In fact −1 ≤ F (x) ≤ 2. There are other forms of F that will also give T (b), but they are worse in t ...
... As an example, we return to the case of spin-1/2. With the notation previously established, we have Aη (F (x)) = Aη ( 12 (1 + 3b·x)) = T (b). But F (x) = 12 (1 + 3b · x) is not a fuzzy set function. In fact −1 ≤ F (x) ≤ 2. There are other forms of F that will also give T (b), but they are worse in t ...
Self-consistent approach for calculations of exciton binding energy
... relative two-dimensional in-plane motion of the exciton. Effective potentials entering these equations have to be found self-consistently along with the wave functions. This approach has a number of advantages compared to the previous methods. First of all, in its most general statement it must give ...
... relative two-dimensional in-plane motion of the exciton. Effective potentials entering these equations have to be found self-consistently along with the wave functions. This approach has a number of advantages compared to the previous methods. First of all, in its most general statement it must give ...
Get PDF - Physics of Information and Quantum Technologies Group
... actually have an infinity of different mathematical descriptions for the same physical state. This is a consequence of the indistinguishability of particles and is known as exchange degeneracy. How can we then decide which of the above vectors is the correct description of our state, i.e. which one wi ...
... actually have an infinity of different mathematical descriptions for the same physical state. This is a consequence of the indistinguishability of particles and is known as exchange degeneracy. How can we then decide which of the above vectors is the correct description of our state, i.e. which one wi ...
Quantum Money from Hidden Subspaces
... relative to a classical oracle. In the same paper, Aaronson also proposed an explicit scheme, based on random stabilizer states, but could not offer any evidence for its security. And indeed, the scheme was broken about a year afterward by Lutomirski et al. [30], using an algorithm for finding plant ...
... relative to a classical oracle. In the same paper, Aaronson also proposed an explicit scheme, based on random stabilizer states, but could not offer any evidence for its security. And indeed, the scheme was broken about a year afterward by Lutomirski et al. [30], using an algorithm for finding plant ...
D047042023
... signals over a common transmission line at dissimilar times or speeds and as such, the scheme we use to do just that is called a Multiplexer. In digital electronics, multiplexers are similarly known as data selectors as they can “select” each input line, are made from individual Analogue Switches en ...
... signals over a common transmission line at dissimilar times or speeds and as such, the scheme we use to do just that is called a Multiplexer. In digital electronics, multiplexers are similarly known as data selectors as they can “select” each input line, are made from individual Analogue Switches en ...
Gravitation and quantum interference experiments with neutrons
... the wavelengths 0.21440 and 0.10780 nm. The corresponding Bragg angles 2B are 34.15◦ and 33.94◦ . The Si(220) or Si(440) Bragg reflection was used. The phase advances by almost the same amount with each step and nearly twice as much for the long wavelength as for the shorter wavelength. Previously, ...
... the wavelengths 0.21440 and 0.10780 nm. The corresponding Bragg angles 2B are 34.15◦ and 33.94◦ . The Si(220) or Si(440) Bragg reflection was used. The phase advances by almost the same amount with each step and nearly twice as much for the long wavelength as for the shorter wavelength. Previously, ...
Quine`s Holism and Quantum Holism
... c) We always have a number of options to adapt our system of knowledge to new experience. It is rational to endorse that option which implies the lest overall change to the system as a whole. d) Only a cluster of statements and ultimately only the whole of science has meaning. My argument for my fir ...
... c) We always have a number of options to adapt our system of knowledge to new experience. It is rational to endorse that option which implies the lest overall change to the system as a whole. d) Only a cluster of statements and ultimately only the whole of science has meaning. My argument for my fir ...
Link to PDF - D
... more fundamental than others. Many physicists believe that the laws of thermodynamics, and in particular the second law of thermodynamics, are more likely to remain true as we discover more and more about our universe than any other set of laws. Quantum mechanics or general relativity could be shown ...
... more fundamental than others. Many physicists believe that the laws of thermodynamics, and in particular the second law of thermodynamics, are more likely to remain true as we discover more and more about our universe than any other set of laws. Quantum mechanics or general relativity could be shown ...
The Philosophy behind Quantum Gravity
... rest – must always be described entirely on classical lines, and consequently kept outside the system subject to quantum mechanical treatment. The point is that we can treat a measuring apparatus (or part of this) as a quantum system, but only when some other system is then treated classically. This ...
... rest – must always be described entirely on classical lines, and consequently kept outside the system subject to quantum mechanical treatment. The point is that we can treat a measuring apparatus (or part of this) as a quantum system, but only when some other system is then treated classically. This ...
Wave Functions - Quantum Theory Group at CMU
... The intuitive significance of the pair of numbers x, p used to describe a classical particle in one dimension at a particular time is relatively clear: the particle is located at the point x, and its velocity is p/m. The interpretation of a quantum wave function ψ(x), on the other hand, is much more ...
... The intuitive significance of the pair of numbers x, p used to describe a classical particle in one dimension at a particular time is relatively clear: the particle is located at the point x, and its velocity is p/m. The interpretation of a quantum wave function ψ(x), on the other hand, is much more ...
Quantum key distribution
Quantum key distribution (QKD) uses quantum mechanics to guarantee secure communication. It enables two parties to produce a shared random secret key known only to them, which can then be used to encrypt and decrypt messages. It is often incorrectly called quantum cryptography, as it is the most well known example of the group of quantum cryptographic tasks.An important and unique property of quantum key distribution is the ability of the two communicating users to detect the presence of any third party trying to gain knowledge of the key. This results from a fundamental aspect of quantum mechanics: the process of measuring a quantum system in general disturbs the system. A third party trying to eavesdrop on the key must in some way measure it, thus introducing detectable anomalies. By using quantum superpositions or quantum entanglement and transmitting information in quantum states, a communication system can be implemented which detects eavesdropping. If the level of eavesdropping is below a certain threshold, a key can be produced that is guaranteed to be secure (i.e. the eavesdropper has no information about it), otherwise no secure key is possible and communication is aborted.The security of encryption that uses quantum key distribution relies on the foundations of quantum mechanics, in contrast to traditional public key cryptography which relies on the computational difficulty of certain mathematical functions, and cannot provide any indication of eavesdropping at any point in the communication process, or any mathematical proof as to the actual complexity of reversing the one-way functions used. QKD has provable security based on information theory, and forward secrecy.Quantum key distribution is only used to produce and distribute a key, not to transmit any message data. This key can then be used with any chosen encryption algorithm to encrypt (and decrypt) a message, which can then be transmitted over a standard communication channel. The algorithm most commonly associated with QKD is the one-time pad, as it is provably secure when used with a secret, random key. In real world situations, it is often also used with encryption using symmetric key algorithms like the Advanced Encryption Standard algorithm. In the case of QKD this comparison is based on the assumption of perfect single-photon sources and detectors, that cannot be easily implemented.