Von Neumann`s Impossibility Proof: Mathematics in - Philsci
... introductory remarks von Neumann does not declare that hidden variables are flatly impossible, but only that their introduction would conflict with what he considers basic general characteristics of quantum mechanics. In chapter I of the Grundlagen, von Neumann reviews the history of quantum mechani ...
... introductory remarks von Neumann does not declare that hidden variables are flatly impossible, but only that their introduction would conflict with what he considers basic general characteristics of quantum mechanics. In chapter I of the Grundlagen, von Neumann reviews the history of quantum mechani ...
Synthesizing arbitrary quantum states in a superconducting resonator
... Calculated and measured Wigner functions are shown in Fig. 3 top and middle rows, respectively, for the resonator states j0æ 1 jNæ, with N 5 1 to 5. The structures of the Wigner functions match well, including fine details, indicating that the superposed states are created and measured accurately. T ...
... Calculated and measured Wigner functions are shown in Fig. 3 top and middle rows, respectively, for the resonator states j0æ 1 jNæ, with N 5 1 to 5. The structures of the Wigner functions match well, including fine details, indicating that the superposed states are created and measured accurately. T ...
MOCK MODULAR FORMS AND QUANTUM MODULAR FORMS 1
... This map Qf is well-defined by Theorem 1.1.(3) because for each rational number x there is a unique qi equivalent to x under the action of Γ0 (N ) (see section 3 for details). Motivated by a number of examples from quantum invariants of 3-manifolds, Vassiliev invariants of knots, and period function ...
... This map Qf is well-defined by Theorem 1.1.(3) because for each rational number x there is a unique qi equivalent to x under the action of Γ0 (N ) (see section 3 for details). Motivated by a number of examples from quantum invariants of 3-manifolds, Vassiliev invariants of knots, and period function ...
A review of Bell inequality tests with neutral kaons
... of these experiments projects then each measured kaon into one of the two states of the chosen measurement basis. This is a common feature in Refs. 7) - 11) but care has to be taken when extrapolating these considerations to unstable systems such as neutral kaons 12) . Admittedly, this instability a ...
... of these experiments projects then each measured kaon into one of the two states of the chosen measurement basis. This is a common feature in Refs. 7) - 11) but care has to be taken when extrapolating these considerations to unstable systems such as neutral kaons 12) . Admittedly, this instability a ...
Gregor Wentzel - National Academy of Sciences
... quark model its absence from the spectrum is accounted for, since such a baryon cannot be a three-quark state. It is worth pointing out that in 1950 Fujimoto and Miyazawa17 proposed that the first isobar should appear as a resonance observable in pion photoproduction experiments. In 1947 Wentzel wro ...
... quark model its absence from the spectrum is accounted for, since such a baryon cannot be a three-quark state. It is worth pointing out that in 1950 Fujimoto and Miyazawa17 proposed that the first isobar should appear as a resonance observable in pion photoproduction experiments. In 1947 Wentzel wro ...
A Combinatorial Approach to Nonlocality and Contextuality
... parallel execution of these scenarios and naturally incorporates the no-signaling condition. In particular, the Bell scenarios which describe nonlocality turn out to be given by Foulis–Randall products. We define a probabilistic model as an assignment of a probability to each outcome in such a way t ...
... parallel execution of these scenarios and naturally incorporates the no-signaling condition. In particular, the Bell scenarios which describe nonlocality turn out to be given by Foulis–Randall products. We define a probabilistic model as an assignment of a probability to each outcome in such a way t ...
Spin-based quantum computers made by chemistry: hows and whys†
... This journal is ª The Royal Society of Chemistry 2009 ...
... This journal is ª The Royal Society of Chemistry 2009 ...
Quantum key distribution
Quantum key distribution (QKD) uses quantum mechanics to guarantee secure communication. It enables two parties to produce a shared random secret key known only to them, which can then be used to encrypt and decrypt messages. It is often incorrectly called quantum cryptography, as it is the most well known example of the group of quantum cryptographic tasks.An important and unique property of quantum key distribution is the ability of the two communicating users to detect the presence of any third party trying to gain knowledge of the key. This results from a fundamental aspect of quantum mechanics: the process of measuring a quantum system in general disturbs the system. A third party trying to eavesdrop on the key must in some way measure it, thus introducing detectable anomalies. By using quantum superpositions or quantum entanglement and transmitting information in quantum states, a communication system can be implemented which detects eavesdropping. If the level of eavesdropping is below a certain threshold, a key can be produced that is guaranteed to be secure (i.e. the eavesdropper has no information about it), otherwise no secure key is possible and communication is aborted.The security of encryption that uses quantum key distribution relies on the foundations of quantum mechanics, in contrast to traditional public key cryptography which relies on the computational difficulty of certain mathematical functions, and cannot provide any indication of eavesdropping at any point in the communication process, or any mathematical proof as to the actual complexity of reversing the one-way functions used. QKD has provable security based on information theory, and forward secrecy.Quantum key distribution is only used to produce and distribute a key, not to transmit any message data. This key can then be used with any chosen encryption algorithm to encrypt (and decrypt) a message, which can then be transmitted over a standard communication channel. The algorithm most commonly associated with QKD is the one-time pad, as it is provably secure when used with a secret, random key. In real world situations, it is often also used with encryption using symmetric key algorithms like the Advanced Encryption Standard algorithm. In the case of QKD this comparison is based on the assumption of perfect single-photon sources and detectors, that cannot be easily implemented.