Formation of vestigial organs
... millions of years later in the eyes of moles, then a genetic mechanism for vestigialization cannot be the main mechanism. It cannot be the main mechanism because there are vestigial structures in modern humans, who have not existed for such a length of time as moles. While genetic theories could pos ...
... millions of years later in the eyes of moles, then a genetic mechanism for vestigialization cannot be the main mechanism. It cannot be the main mechanism because there are vestigial structures in modern humans, who have not existed for such a length of time as moles. While genetic theories could pos ...
as a PDF
... beginning. Mayr cites Weismann’s first evolutionary publication of 1868 as a proof of this claim10 . He also considers Weismann to be the most consistent selectionist in the nineteenth century and quotes a number of Weismann’s statements as evidence for such a belief11 . In the 1870s, Weismann condu ...
... beginning. Mayr cites Weismann’s first evolutionary publication of 1868 as a proof of this claim10 . He also considers Weismann to be the most consistent selectionist in the nineteenth century and quotes a number of Weismann’s statements as evidence for such a belief11 . In the 1870s, Weismann condu ...
The evolutionary ecology of senescence
... Haldane (1941) and Medawar (1952), who suggested that, because individuals die of causes that are not connected to senescence (termed extrinsic factors), the force of selection declines with age in proportion to Fisher’s reproductive value (Fisher 1930), which measures the contribution of an individ ...
... Haldane (1941) and Medawar (1952), who suggested that, because individuals die of causes that are not connected to senescence (termed extrinsic factors), the force of selection declines with age in proportion to Fisher’s reproductive value (Fisher 1930), which measures the contribution of an individ ...
- Philsci
... are organisms and a salient fact about organisms is that each faces the tribunal of the environment as a corporate entity, not as a loose aggregate of independent traits. One consequence of this fact is that at each stage of its development from egg to adult an organism must be an integrated, functi ...
... are organisms and a salient fact about organisms is that each faces the tribunal of the environment as a corporate entity, not as a loose aggregate of independent traits. One consequence of this fact is that at each stage of its development from egg to adult an organism must be an integrated, functi ...
HAMILTON`S FORCES OF NATURAL SELECTION AFTER FORTY
... the evolution of aging, even though these analyses often incorporated population genetic details that were not present in Hamilton’s original 1966 publication. It was necessary to do this because Hamilton (1966) did not present explicit populationgenetic models, only general-purpose verbal scenarios ...
... the evolution of aging, even though these analyses often incorporated population genetic details that were not present in Hamilton’s original 1966 publication. It was necessary to do this because Hamilton (1966) did not present explicit populationgenetic models, only general-purpose verbal scenarios ...
session_proposal_Space_Evo_Exp_Ishpssb2013 general
... (Pearl 2000, Woodward 2005, Machamer, Darden and Craver 2000); and 2) of the increasing exploration of various fields of evolutionary biology. Even though the main dichotomies have not been challenged, philosophical issues now rely on a finer-grained understanding of the explanatory structure of bio ...
... (Pearl 2000, Woodward 2005, Machamer, Darden and Craver 2000); and 2) of the increasing exploration of various fields of evolutionary biology. Even though the main dichotomies have not been challenged, philosophical issues now rely on a finer-grained understanding of the explanatory structure of bio ...
Darwinism and Selectionist Theories
... Pauling [21]. The theory proposed that all antibody molecules were the same, and that through interaction with antigen inside antibody producing cells, antibody are instructed of the antigenic form, in effect cells using antigen as a template for antibody configuration. Jerne proposed a Darwinian-in ...
... Pauling [21]. The theory proposed that all antibody molecules were the same, and that through interaction with antigen inside antibody producing cells, antibody are instructed of the antigenic form, in effect cells using antigen as a template for antibody configuration. Jerne proposed a Darwinian-in ...
Report on the Global Social Initiative on Ageing Strategic Planning
... consisting of hierarchically organized and mutually interacting social arenas that themselves change over time. Social contexts also provide an organizing paradigm for understanding diversity and inequality in old age and over the life-span, and their consequences. The GSIA‟s social science perspect ...
... consisting of hierarchically organized and mutually interacting social arenas that themselves change over time. Social contexts also provide an organizing paradigm for understanding diversity and inequality in old age and over the life-span, and their consequences. The GSIA‟s social science perspect ...
4 Levels of Selection: An Alternative to Individualism in Biology and
... the most ardent individualists, such as G. C. Williams (1966, 1985), R. Dawkins (1976, 1982), and J. Maynard Smith (1987), believe that there is something outside individual selection called group selection that in principle can evolve altruistic traits. Nevertheless, the history of individual selec ...
... the most ardent individualists, such as G. C. Williams (1966, 1985), R. Dawkins (1976, 1982), and J. Maynard Smith (1987), believe that there is something outside individual selection called group selection that in principle can evolve altruistic traits. Nevertheless, the history of individual selec ...
Lamarck Ascending! - Harvard DASH
... because it overturns some of their basic mechanistic assumptions, such as the Central Dogma of molecular biology, whereas the theoretical changes required for QE theory are rather modest because QE models are largely independent of molecular mechanisms. After all, the basic models of evolutionary po ...
... because it overturns some of their basic mechanistic assumptions, such as the Central Dogma of molecular biology, whereas the theoretical changes required for QE theory are rather modest because QE models are largely independent of molecular mechanisms. After all, the basic models of evolutionary po ...
Evolution and Natural Selection
... lost. This leads to ongoing change in the features of organisms in all species.” It is also possible to look for a conditional: If such-andsuch conditions hold, then a population will change, guaranteed. For example, if there is variation in a population, reproduction is asexual and offspring are ex ...
... lost. This leads to ongoing change in the features of organisms in all species.” It is also possible to look for a conditional: If such-andsuch conditions hold, then a population will change, guaranteed. For example, if there is variation in a population, reproduction is asexual and offspring are ex ...
The Theory of Evolution
... The environment may change due to natural events such as a forest fire, a volcanic eruption, or a change in climate. Humans and human activities may also change the environment. One such change occurred near Manchester, England between 1845 and 1890. This change affected a population of peppered mot ...
... The environment may change due to natural events such as a forest fire, a volcanic eruption, or a change in climate. Humans and human activities may also change the environment. One such change occurred near Manchester, England between 1845 and 1890. This change affected a population of peppered mot ...
Fried et al, 2001 - EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research
... Grimley Evans on healthy old age: ...
... Grimley Evans on healthy old age: ...
Lecture 8: Life-History Evolution
... declining force of natural selection with age And we know that we can experimentally manipulate both the rate and the end of aging There are ways in which could postpone human aging, and I have described one of ...
... declining force of natural selection with age And we know that we can experimentally manipulate both the rate and the end of aging There are ways in which could postpone human aging, and I have described one of ...
At the heart of aging: is it metabolic rate or stability?
... equilibrium species, defined by populations subject to limited but relatively stable resource conditions. Weakly stable metabolic networks evolved in shorter-lived, so called opportunistic species, ...
... equilibrium species, defined by populations subject to limited but relatively stable resource conditions. Weakly stable metabolic networks evolved in shorter-lived, so called opportunistic species, ...
Analysis and critique of the concept of Natural Selection (and of the
... only (thereby being representable as the only possible) modern theory of organic (biological) evolution. I here simply note that the concept of evolution in general (including cosmic, organic and cultural evolutions) has itself captured the imagination of our society in the Twentieth Century for var ...
... only (thereby being representable as the only possible) modern theory of organic (biological) evolution. I here simply note that the concept of evolution in general (including cosmic, organic and cultural evolutions) has itself captured the imagination of our society in the Twentieth Century for var ...
Evolution of the rate of biological aging using a phenotype
... pleiotropic genes of special sort have opposite effects on fitness at different ages. Their effects are beneficial in early life, when natural selection is strong, but harmful at later ages, when selection is weak. If these genes ...
... pleiotropic genes of special sort have opposite effects on fitness at different ages. Their effects are beneficial in early life, when natural selection is strong, but harmful at later ages, when selection is weak. If these genes ...
Document
... – Life spans of mammals are correlated with life spans of skin and blood cells – These results consistent with rate-of-living – Why doesn’t natural selection activate telomerase to add more telomeres? – Could be tradeoff between extending cell life and proliferating cancer ...
... – Life spans of mammals are correlated with life spans of skin and blood cells – These results consistent with rate-of-living – Why doesn’t natural selection activate telomerase to add more telomeres? – Could be tradeoff between extending cell life and proliferating cancer ...
Evolution of Human Lifespan: Past, Future, and Present
... It is not group selection The most common misconception about the evolution of aging is that it is somehow ‘‘good for the species.’’ The elderly age so that they may die and leave room and resources for the young, who otherwise could not reproduce. This was the first evolutionary theory of aging to ...
... It is not group selection The most common misconception about the evolution of aging is that it is somehow ‘‘good for the species.’’ The elderly age so that they may die and leave room and resources for the young, who otherwise could not reproduce. This was the first evolutionary theory of aging to ...
06 Life Histories 2009
... reproductive success, they influence evolutionary fitness. • Life histories vary consistently with environmental factors; hence may be molded by natural selection. ...
... reproductive success, they influence evolutionary fitness. • Life histories vary consistently with environmental factors; hence may be molded by natural selection. ...
Fodor vs Darwin_ pe_10_6 - Philsci
... agree with the first part of their criticism: Fodor’s ‘putative argument’ does rely on controversial premises which make it unsound5. However, I don’t think that Fodor’s critics have succeeded in their attempts to refute his central claim. The refutation strategy that most of them have undertaken is ...
... agree with the first part of their criticism: Fodor’s ‘putative argument’ does rely on controversial premises which make it unsound5. However, I don’t think that Fodor’s critics have succeeded in their attempts to refute his central claim. The refutation strategy that most of them have undertaken is ...
Evolution of cooperation
... Once “fitness” is calculated every aspect of “relatedness” is included. ...
... Once “fitness” is calculated every aspect of “relatedness” is included. ...
06 Life Histories 2010
... Why does aging vary? • Not all organisms senesce at same rate, suggesting that aging may be subject to natural selection and ...
... Why does aging vary? • Not all organisms senesce at same rate, suggesting that aging may be subject to natural selection and ...
Biological Aging: Active and Passive Mechanisms Compared
... fits the primary observation as well as the active concept. Further, we agree that given that the passive concept works equally as well in any particular case there would be no evolutionary motivation to develop and retain a more complex active concept. However, there are many other observations tha ...
... fits the primary observation as well as the active concept. Further, we agree that given that the passive concept works equally as well in any particular case there would be no evolutionary motivation to develop and retain a more complex active concept. However, there are many other observations tha ...
Use and abuse of citations
... Youatt, who was probably better acquainted with the works of agriculturalists than almost any other individual, and who was himself a very good judge of an animal, speaks of the principle of selection as 'that which enables the agriculturist, not only to modify the character of his flock, but to cha ...
... Youatt, who was probably better acquainted with the works of agriculturalists than almost any other individual, and who was himself a very good judge of an animal, speaks of the principle of selection as 'that which enables the agriculturist, not only to modify the character of his flock, but to cha ...
Evolution of ageing
Enquiry into the evolution of aging aims to explain why almost all living things weaken and die with age. There is not yet agreement in the scientific community on a single answer. The evolutionary origin of senescence remains a fundamental unsolved problem in biology.Historically, ageing was first likened to ""wear and tear"": living bodies get weaker, shoes get wrecked with use or, with exposure to air and moisture, iron objects rust. But this idea was discredited in the 19th century when the second law of thermodynamics was formalized. Entropy (disorder) must increase inevitably within a closed system, but living beings are not closed systems. It is a defining feature of life that it takes in free energy from the environment and unloads its entropy as waste. Living systems can even build themselves up from seed, and routinely repair themselves. There is no thermodynamic necessity for senescence. In addition, generic damage or ""wear and tear"" theories could not explain why biologically similar organisms (e.g. mammals) exhibited such dramatically different lifespans. Furthermore, this initial theory failed to explain why most organisms maintain themselves so efficiently until adulthood and then, after reproductive maturity, begin to succumb to age-related damage.