Chemical Thermodynamics presentation 1
... indicated reaction (given ΔH°, ΔS° and T) and to predict whether the reaction is spontaneous under standard ...
... indicated reaction (given ΔH°, ΔS° and T) and to predict whether the reaction is spontaneous under standard ...
Word format
... Knowledge of the gas-grain interaction is important for understanding the rich chemistry of dense molecular clouds in the interstellar medium (ISM). For example, the gas phase production of H2 from hydrogen atoms is not efficient enough to account for the observed abundance of molecular hydrogen. Th ...
... Knowledge of the gas-grain interaction is important for understanding the rich chemistry of dense molecular clouds in the interstellar medium (ISM). For example, the gas phase production of H2 from hydrogen atoms is not efficient enough to account for the observed abundance of molecular hydrogen. Th ...
ASTRO2010 SCIENCE WHITE PAPER
... have been identified in some members of the class of meteorites called carbonaceous chondrites (Botta & Bada 2002, review). Pre-biotic molecules as complex as ethylene glycol (antifreeze; HOCH2CH2OH) have also been identified in comets (Crovisier 2004, review). These parent bodies, if they impacted ...
... have been identified in some members of the class of meteorites called carbonaceous chondrites (Botta & Bada 2002, review). Pre-biotic molecules as complex as ethylene glycol (antifreeze; HOCH2CH2OH) have also been identified in comets (Crovisier 2004, review). These parent bodies, if they impacted ...
The Astrobiology Primer
... Protostars and the Birth of Stars A blob of gas several times the size of our Solar System, called a pre-stellar core, contracts under its own gravity to form a protostar. Half of the system’s initial gravitational energy disperses through radiation while the other half is converted into heat. The t ...
... Protostars and the Birth of Stars A blob of gas several times the size of our Solar System, called a pre-stellar core, contracts under its own gravity to form a protostar. Half of the system’s initial gravitational energy disperses through radiation while the other half is converted into heat. The t ...
Hydrothermal Vents Lesson Plan
... a) How do these organisms break the chemical bonds in small molecules and use this energy to create carbohydrates, proteins and lipids - the biological molecules? Chemosynthesis, the combination of organic compounds by living organisms like bacteria using energy produced by inorganic chemicals, sunl ...
... a) How do these organisms break the chemical bonds in small molecules and use this energy to create carbohydrates, proteins and lipids - the biological molecules? Chemosynthesis, the combination of organic compounds by living organisms like bacteria using energy produced by inorganic chemicals, sunl ...
the chemistry of life: organic and biological chemistry
... nevertheless constructed of molecules of quite modest size, put together in nature to form a host of complex, interacting structures. The example of phenylalanine and PKU illustrates the point that to understand biology, we need to understand the chemical behaviors of molecules of low molar mass. Th ...
... nevertheless constructed of molecules of quite modest size, put together in nature to form a host of complex, interacting structures. The example of phenylalanine and PKU illustrates the point that to understand biology, we need to understand the chemical behaviors of molecules of low molar mass. Th ...
Practice Problem - HCC Southeast Commons
... What can you say about the relative amounts of the products? Is the product mixture optically active? ...
... What can you say about the relative amounts of the products? Is the product mixture optically active? ...
The Astrobiology Primer - Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. publishers
... made is physically and chemically altered within the stars throughout the course of their lifetimes and at their deaths. Practically, all elements heavier than helium—and thus all components of the organic molecules necessary for life to form—are produced by stars. (For a specific definition of “org ...
... made is physically and chemically altered within the stars throughout the course of their lifetimes and at their deaths. Practically, all elements heavier than helium—and thus all components of the organic molecules necessary for life to form—are produced by stars. (For a specific definition of “org ...
Earth`s Earliest Atmospheres
... to the geologic Eon preceding the Archean. It can be regarded as Earth before the appearance of a true rock record 3.9 Ga—the precise definition remains to be agreed upon by the proper authorities). This would make Hadean Earth the one known planet where life has begun. The modern focus on the atmo ...
... to the geologic Eon preceding the Archean. It can be regarded as Earth before the appearance of a true rock record 3.9 Ga—the precise definition remains to be agreed upon by the proper authorities). This would make Hadean Earth the one known planet where life has begun. The modern focus on the atmo ...
Life on Our Evolving Planet slides
... The National Academy of Sciences says that it is the role of science to provide plausible natural explanations of natural phenomena. The ultimate question for Earth System History is: How did a giant cloud of cold dilute gas and dust evolve into astronauts in a spacecraft orbiting a planet orbiting ...
... The National Academy of Sciences says that it is the role of science to provide plausible natural explanations of natural phenomena. The ultimate question for Earth System History is: How did a giant cloud of cold dilute gas and dust evolve into astronauts in a spacecraft orbiting a planet orbiting ...
Derivatization reagents
... ● Purified, dried and packaged under nitrogen in convenient 50mL Hypo-Vial Sample Storage Vials ● Supplied with elastomer septa, allowing immediate access to the sample without exposure to moisture and oxygen ● Use polar solvents (acetonitrile, dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide, pyridine, tetrahy ...
... ● Purified, dried and packaged under nitrogen in convenient 50mL Hypo-Vial Sample Storage Vials ● Supplied with elastomer septa, allowing immediate access to the sample without exposure to moisture and oxygen ● Use polar solvents (acetonitrile, dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide, pyridine, tetrahy ...
Reading for a Purpose: Molecules the Human Body Needs
... reference texts, consider finding (or have students find) a variety of examples of reference texts, both print and digital, to help them understand what these texts are like. 2. Create a focus question. The focus question should relate to students’ lives, should be interesting to them, and should m ...
... reference texts, consider finding (or have students find) a variety of examples of reference texts, both print and digital, to help them understand what these texts are like. 2. Create a focus question. The focus question should relate to students’ lives, should be interesting to them, and should m ...
BOC-ON - Sigma
... 46 Stewart, F.H.C. Synthesis of L-Kynurenine Peptides Conducted without Masking the Side-chain Amino Group. Aust. J. Chem. 1980, 33, 633. 47 Talma, A.; Jouin, P.; DeVries, J.; Troostwijk, C.; Bunine, G.; Waninge, J.; Visscher, J.; Kellogg, R. Reductions of Activated Carbonyl Compounds with Chiral- ...
... 46 Stewart, F.H.C. Synthesis of L-Kynurenine Peptides Conducted without Masking the Side-chain Amino Group. Aust. J. Chem. 1980, 33, 633. 47 Talma, A.; Jouin, P.; DeVries, J.; Troostwijk, C.; Bunine, G.; Waninge, J.; Visscher, J.; Kellogg, R. Reductions of Activated Carbonyl Compounds with Chiral- ...
Astrochemistry and Star Formation
... classification of models by the type of chemistry, there is an additional classification by the manner in which time dependence is handled. Essentially there are three types of solutions to the chemical equations: steady-state solutions, in which there is no time dependence (Le Petit et al. 2004); p ...
... classification of models by the type of chemistry, there is an additional classification by the manner in which time dependence is handled. Essentially there are three types of solutions to the chemical equations: steady-state solutions, in which there is no time dependence (Le Petit et al. 2004); p ...
Formation of amorphous silica surface layers by
... thought to be responsible for the formation of chemically-distinct surface ‘leached layers’. Leached layers are not true ‘layers’, but rather are a relict structure composed primarily of Si and O atoms that were part of the original crystal structure. Leached layers are postulated to form by solid-s ...
... thought to be responsible for the formation of chemically-distinct surface ‘leached layers’. Leached layers are not true ‘layers’, but rather are a relict structure composed primarily of Si and O atoms that were part of the original crystal structure. Leached layers are postulated to form by solid-s ...
Sample pages 2 PDF
... that encourages the usage minimization of hazardous substances to the environment; applications of fullerenes (molecules completely made of carbon atoms) in strength of materials, biology, treatments for industrial wastewater in the field of nanotechnology, architecture inspiration, conductivity mat ...
... that encourages the usage minimization of hazardous substances to the environment; applications of fullerenes (molecules completely made of carbon atoms) in strength of materials, biology, treatments for industrial wastewater in the field of nanotechnology, architecture inspiration, conductivity mat ...
C H
... tertiary structures of proteins and nucleic acids. It also plays an important role in the structure of polymers. ...
... tertiary structures of proteins and nucleic acids. It also plays an important role in the structure of polymers. ...
[Frontiers in Bioscience 19, 1117
... ribozymes, and their non-replicative dead-end duplexes, the Replicator-First Pathway to life is fundamentally unworkable. One’s attention therefore turns to the Metabolite-First option (13, 14). In this regard, it has been suggested that cellular metabolism may be viewed as a shell structure, the co ...
... ribozymes, and their non-replicative dead-end duplexes, the Replicator-First Pathway to life is fundamentally unworkable. One’s attention therefore turns to the Metabolite-First option (13, 14). In this regard, it has been suggested that cellular metabolism may be viewed as a shell structure, the co ...
Stoichiometry
... from the reaction of 0.10 mole of Mg3N2? • How many moles of NH3 would be produced from the reaction of 500. g of Mg3N2? • How many molecules of water would be required to react with 3.64 g of Mg3N2? • What is the maximum number of grams of Mg(OH)2 that can be produced by the reaction of 10.0 g of M ...
... from the reaction of 0.10 mole of Mg3N2? • How many moles of NH3 would be produced from the reaction of 500. g of Mg3N2? • How many molecules of water would be required to react with 3.64 g of Mg3N2? • What is the maximum number of grams of Mg(OH)2 that can be produced by the reaction of 10.0 g of M ...
Nutrient uptake by protocells: a liposome model system
... could be modeled in the laboratory by dispersing lipid molecules as bilayer vesicles in aqueous phases (Deamer and Oro, 1980; Lazcano, 1994a, b; Luisi et al., 1999). However, the use of lipid bilayers for this purpose has a significant drawback, which is their relative impermeability to polar or ion ...
... could be modeled in the laboratory by dispersing lipid molecules as bilayer vesicles in aqueous phases (Deamer and Oro, 1980; Lazcano, 1994a, b; Luisi et al., 1999). However, the use of lipid bilayers for this purpose has a significant drawback, which is their relative impermeability to polar or ion ...
Carbon Chemistry - North Allegheny School District
... many as four other atoms. When carbon atoms form four covalent bonds, they obtain the stability of a noble gas with eight electrons in their outer energy level. One of carbon’s most frequent partners in forming covalent bonds is hydrogen. Substances can be classified into two groups—those derived fr ...
... many as four other atoms. When carbon atoms form four covalent bonds, they obtain the stability of a noble gas with eight electrons in their outer energy level. One of carbon’s most frequent partners in forming covalent bonds is hydrogen. Substances can be classified into two groups—those derived fr ...
Chemistry
... phenomenon, how to protect metals from corrosion; alloys based on iron (cast iron, steel). ...
... phenomenon, how to protect metals from corrosion; alloys based on iron (cast iron, steel). ...
Chapter 2 Chemistry Comes Alive
... smaller particles called protons, neutrons, and electrons and that even those subatomic particles can be subdivided with high-technology tools. Still, the old idea of atomic indivisibility is useful because an atom loses the unique properties of its element when it is split into its subatomic partic ...
... smaller particles called protons, neutrons, and electrons and that even those subatomic particles can be subdivided with high-technology tools. Still, the old idea of atomic indivisibility is useful because an atom loses the unique properties of its element when it is split into its subatomic partic ...
Chemical and physical changes
... C. The ……………….. changes are called chemical ……………….. . D. Pure substances can be: ……………….. substances and ……………….. . E. ……………….. substance is which ……………….. not disappear and does not give rise to other different ones by ……………….. or ……………….. . F. ……………….. substance is which disappears and ……………….. o ...
... C. The ……………….. changes are called chemical ……………….. . D. Pure substances can be: ……………….. substances and ……………….. . E. ……………….. substance is which ……………….. not disappear and does not give rise to other different ones by ……………….. or ……………….. . F. ……………….. substance is which disappears and ……………….. o ...
3.3 Energy and the Environment
... – Energy is measured in different units • Joule (J)–energy to support 1kg mass • Calorie (cal)–energy to raise 1 g of water 1 ºC • Watt-hour (Wh)–amount of electricity used for an hour at 1 joule per hour ...
... – Energy is measured in different units • Joule (J)–energy to support 1kg mass • Calorie (cal)–energy to raise 1 g of water 1 ºC • Watt-hour (Wh)–amount of electricity used for an hour at 1 joule per hour ...
Abiogenesis
Abiogenesis (Brit.: /ˌeɪbaɪ.ɵˈdʒɛnɨsɪs/ AY-by-oh-JEN-ə-siss U.S. English pronunciation: /ˌeɪˌbaɪoʊˈdʒɛnᵻsɪs/), or biopoiesis, is the natural process of life arising from non-living matter, such as simple organic compounds. It is thought to have occurred on Earth between 3.8 and 4 billion years ago, and is studied through a combination of laboratory experiments and extrapolation from the genetic information of modern organisms in order to make reasonable conjectures about what pre-life chemical reactions may have given rise to a living system.The study of abiogenesis involves three main types of considerations: the geophysical, the chemical, and the biological, with more recent approaches attempting a synthesis of all three. Many approaches investigate how self-replicating molecules, or their components, came into existence. It is generally accepted that current life on Earth descended from an RNA world, although RNA-based life may not have been the first life to have existed. The Miller–Urey experiment and similar experiments demonstrated that most amino acids, basic chemicals of life, can be synthesized from inorganic compounds in conditions intended to be similar to early Earth. Several mechanisms have been investigated, including lightning and radiation. Other approaches (""metabolism first"" hypotheses) focus on understanding how catalysis in chemical systems in the early Earth might have provided the precursor molecules necessary for self-replication. Complex organic molecules have been found in the Solar System and in interstellar space, and these molecules may have provided starting material for the development of life on Earth.According to the panspermia hypothesis, microscopic life—distributed by meteoroids, asteroids and other small Solar System bodies—may exist throughout the Universe. It is speculated that the biochemistry of life may have begun shortly after the Big Bang, 13.8 billion years ago, during a habitable epoch when the age of the universe was only 10–17 million years.Nonetheless, Earth is the only place in the Universe known to harbor life. The age of the Earth is about 4.54 billion years. The earliest undisputed evidence of life on Earth dates at least from 3.5 billion years ago, during the Eoarchean Era after a geological crust started to solidify following the earlier molten Hadean Eon. There are microbial mat fossils found in 3.48 billion-year-old sandstone discovered in Western Australia. Other early physical evidence of a biogenic substance is graphite in 3.7 billion-year-old metasedimentary rocks discovered in southwestern Greenland.