Income Inequality and Poverty During the Transition from Planned to
... Specifically, the book will examine what happened to the real incomes of the population, to the inequality with which incomes and expenditures are distributed, and to poverty. It will also attempt to find out why these changes occurred. A word about the data used in this book. All data on incomes an ...
... Specifically, the book will examine what happened to the real incomes of the population, to the inequality with which incomes and expenditures are distributed, and to poverty. It will also attempt to find out why these changes occurred. A word about the data used in this book. All data on incomes an ...
Commonwealth Department of Family and Community Services P
... goods and services directly from outside the household (for example, child care, education and health services) and they receive care from their parents. Research on these resource flows is limited and piecemeal. Consumer equivalence scales contain some information on the share of household resource ...
... goods and services directly from outside the household (for example, child care, education and health services) and they receive care from their parents. Research on these resource flows is limited and piecemeal. Consumer equivalence scales contain some information on the share of household resource ...
sociological perspectives on poverty
... and biography and the relations between the two within society’ (2000), hence, ‘thinking sociologically’ can help us to better understand social issues and problems. More specifically, it affords us the capacity and privilege to understand ‘personal troubles’ as part of the ‘economic and political i ...
... and biography and the relations between the two within society’ (2000), hence, ‘thinking sociologically’ can help us to better understand social issues and problems. More specifically, it affords us the capacity and privilege to understand ‘personal troubles’ as part of the ‘economic and political i ...
Working Paper Number 107 Does it matter that we don`t agree on
... access to the means to ensure survival, while where the availability of a survival minimum is felt as a pressing issue (i.e. generally in developing countries), absolute standards are more often adopted. A fifth issue concerns the unit over which poverty is defined - this is partly a question of whe ...
... access to the means to ensure survival, while where the availability of a survival minimum is felt as a pressing issue (i.e. generally in developing countries), absolute standards are more often adopted. A fifth issue concerns the unit over which poverty is defined - this is partly a question of whe ...
Gender, poverty and social justice
... In this paper we review and explore some key contributions to poverty knowledge from a gender lens. Feminist contributions to poverty debates are wide ranging and hinge on a key area of contention: the hegemonic and binary treatment of the ‘production’ of things and ‘reproduction’ and nurturance of ...
... In this paper we review and explore some key contributions to poverty knowledge from a gender lens. Feminist contributions to poverty debates are wide ranging and hinge on a key area of contention: the hegemonic and binary treatment of the ‘production’ of things and ‘reproduction’ and nurturance of ...
the ethics of poverty alleviation
... of international development, and how it can be improved to better achieve its stated goal of minimizing the amount of people living in absolute poverty. The contradictory nature of international development is such that it presupposes the possibility of meeting the needs of majority of the global p ...
... of international development, and how it can be improved to better achieve its stated goal of minimizing the amount of people living in absolute poverty. The contradictory nature of international development is such that it presupposes the possibility of meeting the needs of majority of the global p ...
Risk and Asset Management in the Presence of Poverty Traps
... savings and accumulation behavior of poorer households will be driven by these low marginal returns. A forward-looking household would know that while the marginal returns to further accumulation are low, increased accumulation has strategic value in moving the household closer to the asset level(s) ...
... savings and accumulation behavior of poorer households will be driven by these low marginal returns. A forward-looking household would know that while the marginal returns to further accumulation are low, increased accumulation has strategic value in moving the household closer to the asset level(s) ...
poverty, incomes and resources – concepts and measures.
... How can we understand what poverty, deprivation or social exclusion have meant in Russia during the political and economic upheavals of the past decade? The international debate reveals many disparate understandings of the poverties, deprivations and exclusions in societies around the world. This ch ...
... How can we understand what poverty, deprivation or social exclusion have meant in Russia during the political and economic upheavals of the past decade? The international debate reveals many disparate understandings of the poverties, deprivations and exclusions in societies around the world. This ch ...
Left to their own devices - n
... estimated that between 30% and 70% of urban populations live in ‘irregular’ settlements, with a growing tendency (Durand-Lasserve and Royston, 2002, p. 3); according to UNCHS (1996, p. 200), 64% of the housing stock in low-income countries, and up to 85% of newly produced housing, is unauthorized. I ...
... estimated that between 30% and 70% of urban populations live in ‘irregular’ settlements, with a growing tendency (Durand-Lasserve and Royston, 2002, p. 3); according to UNCHS (1996, p. 200), 64% of the housing stock in low-income countries, and up to 85% of newly produced housing, is unauthorized. I ...
Cultural conceptions of poverty and shame as portrayed
... other hand, are the facilities and resources required to enable people to achieve their capabilities and are determined by cultural expectations and resource constraints. Sen placed ‘the ability to go about without shame’, like a capability, at the ‘irreducible absolutist core in the idea of poverty ...
... other hand, are the facilities and resources required to enable people to achieve their capabilities and are determined by cultural expectations and resource constraints. Sen placed ‘the ability to go about without shame’, like a capability, at the ‘irreducible absolutist core in the idea of poverty ...
Economic Issues No. 26--Rural Poverty in Developing Countries
... assets include natural capital (private and common property rights in land, pastures, forest, and water), machines and tools and structures, stocks of domestic animals and food, and financial capital (jewelry, insurance, savings, and access to credit). Their human assets are the labor pools—comprisi ...
... assets include natural capital (private and common property rights in land, pastures, forest, and water), machines and tools and structures, stocks of domestic animals and food, and financial capital (jewelry, insurance, savings, and access to credit). Their human assets are the labor pools—comprisi ...
Case 5 - Group E - Rural Poverty in Developing Countries
... pamphlet examines how rural poverty develops, what accounts for its persistence, and what specific measures can be taken to eliminate or reduce it. Broad economic stability, competitive markets, and public investment in physical and social infrastructure are widely recognized as important requiremen ...
... pamphlet examines how rural poverty develops, what accounts for its persistence, and what specific measures can be taken to eliminate or reduce it. Broad economic stability, competitive markets, and public investment in physical and social infrastructure are widely recognized as important requiremen ...
POVERTY ALLEVIATION AND REDUCTION POLICY THE CITY OF CAPE TOWN DRAFT POLICY
... 3.4.1. The National Development Plan (NDP) aims to eliminate poverty and reduce inequality by 2030. According to the NDP, South Africa has the potential and capacity to eliminate and reduce inequality over the next two decades. In order for this to happen, a new approach needs to be followed which m ...
... 3.4.1. The National Development Plan (NDP) aims to eliminate poverty and reduce inequality by 2030. According to the NDP, South Africa has the potential and capacity to eliminate and reduce inequality over the next two decades. In order for this to happen, a new approach needs to be followed which m ...
2 Conceptualising Poverty Peter Townsend
... long history in the Western world. Their assumptions, values and interests have much in common. They have tended to shape perceptions, explanations and policies simultaneously. This statement may be difficult to accept or even understand, and deserves to be illustrated briefly, as a necessary prelim ...
... long history in the Western world. Their assumptions, values and interests have much in common. They have tended to shape perceptions, explanations and policies simultaneously. This statement may be difficult to accept or even understand, and deserves to be illustrated briefly, as a necessary prelim ...
Inclusive Growth in Asia: Trends and Issues
... cover many other dimensions of living standard such as inequality in outcomes in health, education, employment, etc. Governments usually provide opportunities in health, education, basic infrastructure, etc., but not all citizens can avail of these opportunities. It is useful to understand the i ...
... cover many other dimensions of living standard such as inequality in outcomes in health, education, employment, etc. Governments usually provide opportunities in health, education, basic infrastructure, etc., but not all citizens can avail of these opportunities. It is useful to understand the i ...
Theories of Poverty
... depend on state provision • State provision is too generous according to Murray and creates “welfare dependency” • This in turn does not provide any incentive for the “feckless poor” to provide for themselves ...
... depend on state provision • State provision is too generous according to Murray and creates “welfare dependency” • This in turn does not provide any incentive for the “feckless poor” to provide for themselves ...
Theories of Poverty
... depend on state provision • State provision is too generous according to Murray and creates “welfare dependency” • This in turn does not provide any incentive for the “feckless poor” to provide for themselves ...
... depend on state provision • State provision is too generous according to Murray and creates “welfare dependency” • This in turn does not provide any incentive for the “feckless poor” to provide for themselves ...
Poverty
Poverty is general scarcity dearth, or the state of one who lacks a certain amount of material possessions or money. It is a multifaceted concept, which includes social, economic, and political elements Absolute poverty or destitution refers to the deprivation of basic human needs, which commonly includes food, water, sanitation, clothing, shelter and health care. Relative poverty is defined contextually as economic inequality in the location or society in which people live.After the industrial revolution, mass production in factories made production goods increasingly less expensive and more accessible. Of more importance is the modernization of agriculture, such as fertilizers, to provide enough yield to feed the population. Responding to basic needs can be restricted by constraints on government's ability to deliver services, such as corruption, tax avoidance, debt and loan conditionalities and by the brain drain of health care and educational professionals. Strategies of increasing income to make basic needs more affordable typically include welfare, economic freedoms and providing financial services.Poverty reduction is a major goal and issue for many international organizations such as the United Nations and the World Bank. The World Bank estimated 1.29 billion people were living in absolute poverty in 2008. Of these, about 400 million people in absolute poverty lived in India and 173 million people in China. In terms of percentage of regional population sub-Saharan Africa at 47% had the highest incidence rate of absolute poverty in 2008. Between 1990 and 2010, about 663 million people moved above the absolute poverty level. Nevertheless, given the current economic model, built on GDP, it would take 100 years to bring the world's poorest up to the standard poverty line of $1.25 a day. It has been argued by some academics that the neoliberal policies promoted by global financial institutions such as the IMF and the World Bank are actually exacerbating both inequality and poverty.Extreme poverty is a global challenge; it is observed in all parts of the world, including developed economies. UNICEF estimates half the world's children (or 1.1 billion) live in poverty.