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expectimax search - inst.eecs.berkeley.edu
expectimax search - inst.eecs.berkeley.edu

... reduce product risks, etc.  QALYs: quality-adjusted life years, useful for medical decisions involving substantial risk  Note: behavior is invariant under positive linear transformation ...
Markov Chain Monte Carlo and Applied Bayesian Statistics: a short
Markov Chain Monte Carlo and Applied Bayesian Statistics: a short

... ◦ Formally it represents your subjective beliefs, via a probability statement, about likely values of unobserved θ before you’ve observed y ◦ Practically, there are often standard and well used forms for the set {p(y|θ), p(θ)} ◦ In the example above the choice of p(β) = N (β|0, v) lead to easy (clos ...
Document
Document

... To illustrate these facts, consider three prizes z0 , z1 , and z2, where z2 ⊱ z1 ⊱ z0 . A lottery p can be depicted on a plane by taking p (z1) as the first coordinate (on the horizontal axis), and p (z2) as the second coordinate (on the vertical axis). p (z0) is 1 – p (z1) – p (z2). [See Figure 4 ...
Microeconomic Theory II PS 4 1. A firm faces a continuum of
Microeconomic Theory II PS 4 1. A firm faces a continuum of

Calculating the Probability of Returning a Loan with Binary
Calculating the Probability of Returning a Loan with Binary

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Implementing a Customer Lifetime Value Framework in SAS
Implementing a Customer Lifetime Value Framework in SAS

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CS 188: Artificial Intelligence Uncertain Outcomes Worst
CS 188: Artificial Intelligence Uncertain Outcomes Worst

...  As depth increases, probability of reaching a given search node shrinks  So usefulness of search is diminished  So limiting depth is less damaging  But pruning is trickier… ...
Clean Air Act Benefits
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... • Machines 1, 2, and 3 produced (20%, 30%, 50%) of items in a large batch, respectively. • The defect rates for items produced by these machines are (1%, 2%, 3%), respectively. • A randomly sampled item is found to be defective. What is the probability that it was produced by Machine 2? • Exercise: ...
CS 294-5: Statistical Natural Language
CS 294-5: Statistical Natural Language

...  Given a lottery L = [p, $X; (1-p), $Y]  The expected monetary value EMV(L) is p*X + (1-p)*Y  U(L) = p*U($X) + (1-p)*U($Y)  Typically, U(L) < U( EMV(L) ): why?  In this sense, people are risk-averse  When deep in debt, we are risk-prone  Utility curve: for what probability p ...
LogisticRegressionHandout
LogisticRegressionHandout

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Ch 9 Slides

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mle.notes8
mle.notes8

... for the probability of each category, a lá binary logit/probit. As in those models, we’re required to select and set the values of the other independent variables (typically means or medians). We can then do the usual stuff: • Examine predictions across ranges of independent variables. • Examine ch ...
Induction and Decision Trees
Induction and Decision Trees

... Human Judgment and Utility (III) •The point is that it is very hard to model an automatic agent that behaves like a human (back to the Turing test) •However, the utility theory does give some formal way of model decisions and as such is used to support user’s decisions •Same can be said for similar ...
Chapter 8
Chapter 8

... • The first example is a study of the determinants of automobile prices. • Griliches regressed the logarithm of new passenger car prices on various specifications. The results are shown in Table 8.1 • Since the dependent variable is the logarithm of price, the regression coefficients can be interpre ...
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... intercept is given if the logistic regression models are stratified by trial in SAS, thus absolute toxicity probabilities based could not be calculated based on this logistic regression model. Therefore, separate logistic regression models were constructed for each trial using the covariates as sele ...
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Appendix 1: Utility Theory Much of the theory presented is based on
Appendix 1: Utility Theory Much of the theory presented is based on

... Much of the theory presented is based on utility theory at a fundamental level. This theory gives a justification for our assumptions (1) that the payoff functions are numerical valued and (2) that a randomized payoff may be replaced by its expectation. There are many expostions on this subject at vari ...
Random Utility Maximization with Indifference†
Random Utility Maximization with Indifference†

... choice. In structured settings, such as von Neumann-Morgenstern’s theory of choice under risk, indifference arises from the continuity of preferences. To avoid indifference, the modeler would either have to impose artificial and inconvenient restrictions on the domain of preferences or abandon one or m ...
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Presentation Slides

FA06 cs188 lecture 8..
FA06 cs188 lecture 8..

Pseudo-R2 Measures for Some Common Limited Dependent
Pseudo-R2 Measures for Some Common Limited Dependent

... constrained to exceed zero.) The surveys of limited dependent variable models by Amemiya (1981) and Dhrymes (1986), as well as the standard reference by Maddala (1983), all briefly discuss goodness of fit and mention one or two possible Pseudo-R2's, but none give a motivation as to why such measures ...
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Advanced Methods and Models in Behavioral

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4. support vector machines

... it a non-probabilistic binary linear classifier.In addition to performing linear classification, SVMs can efficiently perform a non-linear classification using what is called the kernel trick, implicitly mapping their inputs into highdimensional feature spaces. [6] SVMs belong to the family of linea ...
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Discrete choice

In economics, discrete choice models, or qualitative choice models, describe, explain, and predict choices between two or more discrete alternatives, such as entering or not entering the labor market, or choosing between modes of transport. Such choices contrast with standard consumption models in which the quantity of each good consumed is assumed to be a continuous variable. In the continuous case, calculus methods (e.g. first-order conditions) can be used to determine the optimum amount chosen, and demand can be modeled empirically using regression analysis. On the other hand, discrete choice analysis examines situations in which the potential outcomes are discrete, such that the optimum is not characterized by standard first-order conditions. Thus, instead of examining “how much” as in problems with continuous choice variables, discrete choice analysis examines “which one.” However, discrete choice analysis can also be used to examine the chosen quantity when only a few distinct quantities must be chosen from, such as the number of vehicles a household chooses to own and the number of minutes of telecommunications service a customer decides to purchase. Techniques such as logistic regression and probit regression can be used for empirical analysis of discrete choice.Discrete choice models theoretically or empirically model choices made by people among a finite set of alternatives. The models have been used to examine, e.g., the choice of which car to buy, where to go to college, which mode of transport (car, bus, rail) to take to work among numerous other applications. Discrete choice models are also used to examine choices by organizations, such as firms or government agencies. In the discussion below, the decision-making unit is assumed to be a person, though the concepts are applicable more generally. Daniel McFadden won the Nobel prize in 2000 for his pioneering work in developing the theoretical basis for discrete choice.Discrete choice models statistically relate the choice made by each person to the attributes of the person and the attributes of the alternatives available to the person. For example, the choice of which car a person buys is statistically related to the person’s income and age as well as to price, fuel efficiency, size, and other attributes of each available car. The models estimate the probability that a person chooses a particular alternative. The models are often used to forecast how people’s choices will change under changes in demographics and/or attributes of the alternatives.Discrete choice models specify the probability that an individual chooses an option among a set of alternatives. The probabilistic description of discrete choice behavior is used not to reflect individual behavior that is viewed as intrinsically probabilistic. Rather, it is the lack of information that leads us to describe choice in a probabilistic fashion. In practice, we cannot know all factors affecting individual choice decisions as their determinants are partially observed or imperfectly measured. Therefore, discrete choice models rely on stochastic assumptions and specifications to account for unobserved factors related to a) choice alternatives, b) taste variation over people (interpersonal heterogeneity) and over time (intra-individual choice dynamics), and c) heterogeneous choice sets. The different formulations have been summarized and classified into groups of models.
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