The Physics of Sailing - University of Colorado Boulder
... first successful flight of a fixed-winged aircraft, the New York Yacht Club’s schooner yacht won the Royal Yacht Squadron Cup from the Royal Yacht Squadron (a British yacht club), and it was thereafter known as the America’s Cup. This began a series of matches between the holder of the Cup and a cha ...
... first successful flight of a fixed-winged aircraft, the New York Yacht Club’s schooner yacht won the Royal Yacht Squadron Cup from the Royal Yacht Squadron (a British yacht club), and it was thereafter known as the America’s Cup. This began a series of matches between the holder of the Cup and a cha ...
Aerodynamics Notes 2
... Drag= Cd x q x A There is a similarity between lift coefficient and drag coefficient in that the lift coefficient, CL , is a measure of how much of the dynamic pressure gets converted into lift, and the drag coefficient is a measure of how well a wing (or other body) converts dynamic pressure force ...
... Drag= Cd x q x A There is a similarity between lift coefficient and drag coefficient in that the lift coefficient, CL , is a measure of how much of the dynamic pressure gets converted into lift, and the drag coefficient is a measure of how well a wing (or other body) converts dynamic pressure force ...
pdf
... In our setup, the pressure difference (PT – P) is measured in units of “inches of water”. This is actually the column height of water which is required to support this pressure difference. The conversion from inches to water to standard SI units is: 1 inch of water column height = 249.09 ...
... In our setup, the pressure difference (PT – P) is measured in units of “inches of water”. This is actually the column height of water which is required to support this pressure difference. The conversion from inches to water to standard SI units is: 1 inch of water column height = 249.09 ...
geostrophic wind
... with the geostrophic wind acting on the air parcel (box) over Arkansas. This is a 500 mb map. ...
... with the geostrophic wind acting on the air parcel (box) over Arkansas. This is a 500 mb map. ...
Fluid Mechanics
... • bicyclist in upright v. crouched position • swimmer: related to buoyancy and how high the body sits in the water. ...
... • bicyclist in upright v. crouched position • swimmer: related to buoyancy and how high the body sits in the water. ...
Supergeostrophic
... (2) gradient wind (curved isobars) supergeostrophic wind & subgeostrophic wind ...
... (2) gradient wind (curved isobars) supergeostrophic wind & subgeostrophic wind ...
Fluids
... – Buoyant force equals weight of fluid displaced – If an object’s density is greater than 1.0g/cm3 it will sink in fresh water, if it is smaller than this it will float. – An iceberg is 91% underwater! ...
... – Buoyant force equals weight of fluid displaced – If an object’s density is greater than 1.0g/cm3 it will sink in fresh water, if it is smaller than this it will float. – An iceberg is 91% underwater! ...
E80FlowMeasurements 2014
... – if the same atmospheric pressure was used for experiments with wind tunnel models as a full-size airplane would encounter under actual conditions, the results would be invalid. For the results to be valid, – the air density inside the wind tunnel must be increased by the same proportion as the mod ...
... – if the same atmospheric pressure was used for experiments with wind tunnel models as a full-size airplane would encounter under actual conditions, the results would be invalid. For the results to be valid, – the air density inside the wind tunnel must be increased by the same proportion as the mod ...
Teacher Guide
... acting on an object and then helps to determine the net force acting on that object. When an object is in a medium like air or water, then the medium exerts force on all surfaces exposed to that medium. It is important to explain to students about the pressure exerted by that medium on the objects a ...
... acting on an object and then helps to determine the net force acting on that object. When an object is in a medium like air or water, then the medium exerts force on all surfaces exposed to that medium. It is important to explain to students about the pressure exerted by that medium on the objects a ...
Visualization of air flow using a DC
... ・Simple structure (low cost) ・Performance and high rectification ・Can be miniaturized ...
... ・Simple structure (low cost) ・Performance and high rectification ・Can be miniaturized ...
Turbulence by David Alan Earnest
... • After the music finishes, discuss your ideas as a whole class – be respectful of all students’ ideas ...
... • After the music finishes, discuss your ideas as a whole class – be respectful of all students’ ideas ...
pdf
... where CL is the lift coefficient, CL = 2FL /(V2A); A is the airfoil’s planform area, A = sc; Rec is the Reynolds number based on chord length, Re = Vc/; and Ma is the Mach number, Ma = V/a. Note that since area A has the same dimensions {L2} as does c2, we have also substituted A for c2 in the li ...
... where CL is the lift coefficient, CL = 2FL /(V2A); A is the airfoil’s planform area, A = sc; Rec is the Reynolds number based on chord length, Re = Vc/; and Ma is the Mach number, Ma = V/a. Note that since area A has the same dimensions {L2} as does c2, we have also substituted A for c2 in the li ...
Word
... where CL is the lift coefficient, CL = 2FL /(V2A); A is the airfoil’s planform area, A = sc; Rec is the Reynolds number based on chord length, Re = Vc/; and Ma is the Mach number, Ma = V/a. Note that since area A has the same dimensions {L2} as does c2, we have also substituted A for c2 in the li ...
... where CL is the lift coefficient, CL = 2FL /(V2A); A is the airfoil’s planform area, A = sc; Rec is the Reynolds number based on chord length, Re = Vc/; and Ma is the Mach number, Ma = V/a. Note that since area A has the same dimensions {L2} as does c2, we have also substituted A for c2 in the li ...
Velocity
... Terminal Velocity • When a sky diver leaves the aircraft he speeds up because there are unbalanced forces acting. His weight is greater than the fictional drag force. • As his speed increases, the fictional drag due to the air increases. • Spreading himself like a eagle increases the surface area a ...
... Terminal Velocity • When a sky diver leaves the aircraft he speeds up because there are unbalanced forces acting. His weight is greater than the fictional drag force. • As his speed increases, the fictional drag due to the air increases. • Spreading himself like a eagle increases the surface area a ...
UNDERVISNING I TPM VED HiB
... drag. • An air/hydrofoil is a device which, correctly located in a fluid flow, also will experience a force normal to the direction of the incoming flow. This is called lift. ...
... drag. • An air/hydrofoil is a device which, correctly located in a fluid flow, also will experience a force normal to the direction of the incoming flow. This is called lift. ...
PGR10 Poster NilsHaack
... The optimum wing configuration is determined by 2D simulations of the profile in different configurations. For this purpose the AoA (angle of attack) is defined as the angle between the upstream flow direction and the line between mast and trailing edge of the flap. With an apparent wind at 35° to t ...
... The optimum wing configuration is determined by 2D simulations of the profile in different configurations. For this purpose the AoA (angle of attack) is defined as the angle between the upstream flow direction and the line between mast and trailing edge of the flap. With an apparent wind at 35° to t ...
Forces on sails
Forces on sails result from movement of air that interacts with sails and gives them motive power for sailing craft, including sailing ships, sailboats, windsurfers, ice boats, and sail-powered land vehicles. Similar principles in a rotating frame of reference apply to wind mill sails and wind turbine blades, which are also wind-driven. They are differentiated from forces on wings, and propellor blades, the actions of which are not adjusted to the wind. Kites also power sailing craft, but do not employ a mast to support the airfoil and are beyond the scope of this article.Forces on sails depend on wind speed and direction and the speed and direction of the craft. The direction that the craft is traveling with respect to the ""true wind"" (the wind direction and speed over the surface) is called the point of sail. The speed of the craft at a given point of sail contributes to the ""apparent wind""—the wind speed and direction as measured on the moving craft. The apparent wind on the sail creates a total aerodynamic force, which may be resolved into drag—the force component in the direction of the apparent wind—and lift—the force component normal (90°) to the apparent wind. Depending on the alignment of the sail with the apparent wind, lift or drag may be the predominant propulsive component.For apparent wind angles aligned with the entry point of the sail, the sail acts as an airfoil and lift is the predominant component of propulsion. For apparent wind angles behind the sail, drag is the predominant component of propulsion. For a given apparent wind speed, a sail can generate a higher lift force, when aligned with the apparent wind, than it can drag force with a following apparent wind. Because of limitations on speed through the water, displacement sailboats generally derive power from sails generating lift on points of sail that include close-hauled through broad reach (approximately 40° to 135° off the wind). Because of low friction over the surface and high speeds over the ice that create high apparent wind speeds for most points of sail, iceboats can derive power from lift further off the wind than displacement boats.Various mathematical models address lift and drag by taking into account the density of air, coefficients of lift and drag that result from the shape and area of the sail, and the speed and direction of the apparent wind, among other factors. This knowledge is applied to the design of sails in such a manner that sailors can adjust sails to the strength and direction of the apparent wind in order to provide motive power to sailing craft.