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Unambiguous Argument Identification and the Distribution of Weak
Unambiguous Argument Identification and the Distribution of Weak

... ferences which are observed with weak object pronouns in German and Dutch are symptomatic of a more basic, general difference in the organisation of the syntactic structure of the two languages. The question which is the main focus of our study is this: Provided that weak object pronouns are free t ...
1 Dative and indirect object in German dialects: Evidence from
1 Dative and indirect object in German dialects: Evidence from

... respect to case. Most importantly, the genitive case is virtually non-existent in nearly all German dialects (see e.g. Mironow 1957: 392, Shrier 1965: 421, Koß 1983). If we take this into account, we are left with three potential remaining cases, namely, nominative, accusative, and dative (there see ...
- Wikimedia.org
- Wikimedia.org

... functions in a sentence. There are eight basic grammatical functions: case, gender, number, tense, person, mood, voice, and comparison. How words "signal" these functions is an important aspect of learning a new language. English speakers should know all of these functions and the signals used in En ...
Proto-Roles and Case Selection in Optimality Theory
Proto-Roles and Case Selection in Optimality Theory

... Despite its unchallenged importance for the notion of agentivity, causation is one of the most controversial terms in (1) above. It will be discussed in section 3 more extensively. Movement is attributed by Dowty to any form of activity of the argument in question (also for the first argument of loo ...
2002 - Henk van Riemsdijk
2002 - Henk van Riemsdijk

... Tilburg University, Humanities/GM/CLS, P.O. Box 90153, NL – 5000 LE Tilburg, The Netherlands. E-mail: [email protected] ...
functional interpretations
functional interpretations

... there as a cleaner, and so forth. However, our knowledge that schools are teaching and learning institutions means that the entailment that Dave is there in the capacity of a student or teacher has a privileged status among the possible inferences, since one needs no context beyond the logically pos ...
View PDF - CiteSeerX
View PDF - CiteSeerX

... and Afrikaans, with the indigenous languages playing a much smaller role in the contact situation. This therefore differentiates this contact variety from Afrikaans, which predominantly arose through contact with Dutch and the indigenous languages (cf. Ponelis 1993). The contact that NG is having wi ...
A  Comparison  of  French  and ... Auxiliary  Verb  Selection: The  HAVE/BE  Alternation ,.
A Comparison of French and ... Auxiliary Verb Selection: The HAVE/BE Alternation ,.

... for their suggestions and support. I would also like to thank Elke Flaxton, MarieChristine Girard, and Christine Jeuland for being my native speaker references and most especially for their patience and interest in my work. 1 Example sentences in this paper were created by the author unless another ...
Introduction - Friedrich-Schiller
Introduction - Friedrich-Schiller

... Gewinner), in cases where English allows alternative structures (The winner is me, I am the winner). Breul’s analysis makes use of featural economy as a factor constraining syntactic derivations and also takes more general differences between English and German clause structure into account. Florian ...
Free relative clauses: a new teaching approach for
Free relative clauses: a new teaching approach for

... This model combines two main requests: it guarantees scientific accuracy and, if we adequately simplify it, it can serve as a basis to develop effective teaching paths. We will now explain the model we have sketched above. Free relative clauses are introduced by a pronoun (chi in Italian) which can ...
Dutch and German R-pronouns and P-stranding: R you sure it`s P
Dutch and German R-pronouns and P-stranding: R you sure it`s P

... This chapter provides a fine-tuned investigation of the structure of locative pronouns and, more broadly, of spatial adpositions. I will make two basic arguments. The first is in favour of radical syntactic decomposition of small function words (similar in spirit to Leu 2008a, 2015, this volume), an ...
The Verbal Complex in Continental West Germanic
The Verbal Complex in Continental West Germanic

... Recent treatments of the DIC in German have emphasized the variation among speakers. As we intend to show at length, this portion of German syntax evidences multiple forms that correlate with different styles and geographic areas. To a lesser extent there is variation in Dutch. Interlanguage variati ...
Sprachvariation The Verb Cluster in Mennonite Low German: A New
Sprachvariation The Verb Cluster in Mennonite Low German: A New

... certain degree of integration, causing the more tradition-bound, conservative Mennonites to emigrate to Canada around 1870. During and after World War I, the situation for German-speaking immigrants there also became more difficult. It was again the more conservative parts of the Mennonite communiti ...
Patterns of Dative-Nominative Alternations
Patterns of Dative-Nominative Alternations

... determined). Inherent dative, like other inherent cases, is retained throughout the derivation. Being thematically licensed (e.g. D-structure Case in GB; Interpretable Case in Minimalism), it does not alternate with nominative in passives and unaccusatives. For approaches that crucially link NP-move ...
The resolution of number conflicts in English and German
The resolution of number conflicts in English and German

... either use the equivalent von or omit it, as in ein Stapel von Zeitungen vs. ein Stapel Zeitungen 'a heap of newspapers'. When both options are available, the variant with von was selected even if it might sometimes be styhstically less felicitous. Of course, when the variant with von is prohibited, ...
The typology of motion and posture verbs: a
The typology of motion and posture verbs: a

... speakers of a particular language tend to tell different stories, depending on whether their language is of the S- or V-type. As an example, Slobin (1996) has been able to show that English displays a higher degree of manner-saliency than Spanish, a V-language: Spanish narratives use many fewer mann ...
The typology of motion and posture verbs: A
The typology of motion and posture verbs: A

... the core schema of the whole conceptualization. In some cases, however, the association function alone can be seen as the core schema, particularly in utterances which do not openly specify the ground (e.g. The boy fell down [from the tree].) As we have seen in Figure 1, the verb carries the concept ...
Auxiliary selection in the Early New High German perfect tenses
Auxiliary selection in the Early New High German perfect tenses

1586398 andersenjlc9 2016 264 292
1586398 andersenjlc9 2016 264 292

... but we cannot say much about the constraints of the syntactic process. – There is morphosyntactic transference involved—among other things the dropping of the German definite article and the subject pronoun. We will argue later that this is interference from Russian. Here also we do not know anythi ...
SUMMARY
SUMMARY

... proficiency were implemented, form and appearance of school textbooks for learners of German as a second language have significantly changed. Language proficiency degrees were recognized and each level was divided into various levels of competence: A – elementary level (beginners); B – independent u ...
The German language - Кафедра іноземних мов
The German language - Кафедра іноземних мов

... Being not a resident of a German-speaking area, the student of German must put forth substantial effort to learn words, including what they mean, how to pronounce them, and how they are used in sentences. Be sure to "learn"—commit to memory - all of the vocabulary words in each lesson as they are pr ...
Systematic Acquisition of Reading and Writing: An Exploration of
Systematic Acquisition of Reading and Writing: An Exploration of

... for at least three semantically distinct pronunciations as a function of its position within syllable and word. Another popular method says that reading acquisition takes place at the syllable level as this is more natural for children to bridge from the spoken language to the written representatio ...
Conference Abstracts - Penn State University
Conference Abstracts - Penn State University

... in more linguistic arenas…and considerably more neglect in Pennsylvania Dutch studies. Thus far, only one letter, written by a Mennonite to his wife, has been examined linguistically (Sauer 2005). In this presentation, I will show the substratal influence from Pennsylvania Dutch on Pennsylvania High ...
Slověne. Vol. 1. No. 1. Review of GRAMMATICALIZATION IN
Slověne. Vol. 1. No. 1. Review of GRAMMATICALIZATION IN

... question: Is it really possible to argue that there is a European linguistic area, and, if so, does it have clearly defined boundaries? In order to address these questions, the autors, took two grammatical categories or phenomena as their points of focus: the rise of auxiliary constructions and posse ...
Jessica Nowak. 2015. Zur Legitimation einer 8. Ablautreihe. Eine
Jessica Nowak. 2015. Zur Legitimation einer 8. Ablautreihe. Eine

... or the past participle vowel (i. e. the pattern x–ou–x). Among the small number of strong verbs still remaining in the language (eleven in total), ou has acquired universal status as the marker of the past tense. The form ou originates in S2, but has spread throughout the strong verb system from the ...
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Plautdietsch language

Plautdietsch, or Mennonite Low German, was originally a Low Prussian variety of East Low German, with Dutch influence, that developed in the 16th and 17th centuries in the Vistula delta area of Royal Prussia. The word is the form, in that language, of Plattdeutsch (Low German). Plaut is the same word as German platt or Dutch plat, meaning 'flat' or 'low' (referring to the plains of northern Germany), and the name Dietsch corresponds etymologically to Dutch Duits and German Deutsch (both meaning ""of the Tribe"" i.e.""German""), which originally meant 'vernacular language' in all the continental West Germanic languages.Plautdietsch, an East Low German dialect was a German dialect like others until it was taken by Mennonite settlers to the south west of the Russian Empire starting in 1789. From there it evolved and subsequent waves of migration brought it to North America, starting in 1873, and mostly from there to Latin America starting in 1922.Plautdietsch is spoken by about 400,000 Russian Mennonites, most notably in the Latin American countries of Mexico, Bolivia, Paraguay, Belize, Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay, as well as in the United States and Canada (particularly Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Ontario).Today Plautdietsch is spoken in two major dialects that trace their division to Ukraine. These two dialects are split between the Old Colony Mennonites and New Colony. Many younger Russian Mennonites in Canada and the United States today speak only English. For example, Homer Groening, the father of Matt Groening (creator of The Simpsons), spoke Plautdietsch as a child in a Mennonite community in Saskatchewan in the 1920s, but his son Matt never learned the language.In 2007, Mexican filmmaker Carlos Reygadas directed the film Stellet Lijcht (Silent Light), set in a Mennonite community in Chihuahua, Mexico. Most of the film's dialogue is in Plautdietsch, which some of the actors had to learn phonetically. Other parts were played by people of the local community.
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