Lecture 5
... Although enzymes speed up reactions, they cannot by themselves force energetically unfavorable reactions to occur. According to the second law of thermodynamics, a chemical reaction can proceed only if it results in net increase in disorder of the universe. Disorder is increased when useful energy t ...
... Although enzymes speed up reactions, they cannot by themselves force energetically unfavorable reactions to occur. According to the second law of thermodynamics, a chemical reaction can proceed only if it results in net increase in disorder of the universe. Disorder is increased when useful energy t ...
2 HI
... – We need it to go fast enough to have the cell double in one generation – Catalysts deal with this second problem, which we will now consider ...
... – We need it to go fast enough to have the cell double in one generation – Catalysts deal with this second problem, which we will now consider ...
Solutions to 7.014 Quiz I
... i) What is the main overall product of the dark reactions of photosynthesis? The overall reaction of photosynthesis is 6CO2+6H2OÆC6H12O6(glucose) +6O2, and the main product is glucose. All enzymatic reactions, including those in glycolysis and the Krebs cycle, are reversible. You decide to study whe ...
... i) What is the main overall product of the dark reactions of photosynthesis? The overall reaction of photosynthesis is 6CO2+6H2OÆC6H12O6(glucose) +6O2, and the main product is glucose. All enzymatic reactions, including those in glycolysis and the Krebs cycle, are reversible. You decide to study whe ...
FUNCTIONS OF CELL ORGANELLES
... form. It is the combination of DNA and proteins. These proteins are called histones. There are five classes of histones- H1,H2A, H2B, H3, H4.These proteins are positively charged and they interact with negatively charged DNA. Two molecules each of H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 form the structural core of ...
... form. It is the combination of DNA and proteins. These proteins are called histones. There are five classes of histones- H1,H2A, H2B, H3, H4.These proteins are positively charged and they interact with negatively charged DNA. Two molecules each of H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 form the structural core of ...
Krebs cycle
... • The final pathway for the oxidation of fuel molecules: carbohydrates, fatty acids, and amino acids. ...
... • The final pathway for the oxidation of fuel molecules: carbohydrates, fatty acids, and amino acids. ...
Fundamentals of Biochemistry
... biochemical roles in cells. • Perhaps the most important roles of proteins include enzymes, channel proteins and proton pumps, communication devices across the cell membrane and structural components of cells. ...
... biochemical roles in cells. • Perhaps the most important roles of proteins include enzymes, channel proteins and proton pumps, communication devices across the cell membrane and structural components of cells. ...
Restriction Enzymes: DNA Scissors
... Background: DNA fingerprinting is made possible in part by special enzymes that cut DNA. These enzymes are called restriction enzymes. Restriction enzymes are proteins that bacteria use to cut up DNA that doesn’t belong to them. If a bacterium senses that a virus is trying to invade, or a different ...
... Background: DNA fingerprinting is made possible in part by special enzymes that cut DNA. These enzymes are called restriction enzymes. Restriction enzymes are proteins that bacteria use to cut up DNA that doesn’t belong to them. If a bacterium senses that a virus is trying to invade, or a different ...
Chapter 4 Physiology of Cells
... • Proteins of a complex shape • The active site is where the enzyme molecule fits the substrate molecule—the lock-and-key model ...
... • Proteins of a complex shape • The active site is where the enzyme molecule fits the substrate molecule—the lock-and-key model ...
Click here
... and glutamate synthase. Inorganic phosphate is the prime source of phosphorus, and almost all bacteria incorporate it directly. Assimilatory reduction of sulphate is the common source of sulphur. Growth factors: Nature has gifted some of the organism with enzymes and biochemical pathways needed to s ...
... and glutamate synthase. Inorganic phosphate is the prime source of phosphorus, and almost all bacteria incorporate it directly. Assimilatory reduction of sulphate is the common source of sulphur. Growth factors: Nature has gifted some of the organism with enzymes and biochemical pathways needed to s ...
Protein Structure:
... its threedimensional structure (Figure 3.1). Remarkably, proteins spontaneously fold up into three-dimensional structures that are determined by the sequence of amino acids in the protein polymer. Thus, proteins are the embodiment of the transition from the one-dimensional world of sequences to the ...
... its threedimensional structure (Figure 3.1). Remarkably, proteins spontaneously fold up into three-dimensional structures that are determined by the sequence of amino acids in the protein polymer. Thus, proteins are the embodiment of the transition from the one-dimensional world of sequences to the ...
Medical School Biochemistry
... Possess more than one subunit Are always inhibited by their end product Obey the enzyme kinetics of the Michaelis-Menten equation Have a single binding site for their substrates Remain in their initial conformation ...
... Possess more than one subunit Are always inhibited by their end product Obey the enzyme kinetics of the Michaelis-Menten equation Have a single binding site for their substrates Remain in their initial conformation ...
EXAM2
... the big four in a major pathway and I have 4 carbons. I play a prominent role in C4 plants. You may say that I catch CO2, but that is wrong. Some consider me the great communicator. I even have two enzymes named for me. When you think of fatty acid synthesis, I should come strongly in mind. Who am I ...
... the big four in a major pathway and I have 4 carbons. I play a prominent role in C4 plants. You may say that I catch CO2, but that is wrong. Some consider me the great communicator. I even have two enzymes named for me. When you think of fatty acid synthesis, I should come strongly in mind. Who am I ...
OVERVIEW OBJECTIVES INTRODUCTION
... The scale runs from 0 to 14 with 0 being highest in acidity and 14 lowest. When the pH is in the range of 0 -7, a solution is said to be acidic; if the pH is around 7, the solution is neutral; and if the pH is in the range of 7-14, the solution is basic. Amino acid side chains contain groups, such a ...
... The scale runs from 0 to 14 with 0 being highest in acidity and 14 lowest. When the pH is in the range of 0 -7, a solution is said to be acidic; if the pH is around 7, the solution is neutral; and if the pH is in the range of 7-14, the solution is basic. Amino acid side chains contain groups, such a ...
Bil 255 – CMB
... ENZYMOLOGY pages 73-79; 82-86 Enzyme… gk “in” “leaven” (yeast) – regulate metabolic reaction rates – i.e., control metabolism ...
... ENZYMOLOGY pages 73-79; 82-86 Enzyme… gk “in” “leaven” (yeast) – regulate metabolic reaction rates – i.e., control metabolism ...
CYP74C3 and CYP74A1, plant cytochrome P450 enzymes whose
... HPL has the same substrate specificity as AOS. Unlike HPL, which cleaves hydroperoxides, AOS transforms them into unstable fatty acid epoxides which are then metabolized further by enzymatic processes to jasmonates that are important in the signalling of plant defence responses; the mammalian equiva ...
... HPL has the same substrate specificity as AOS. Unlike HPL, which cleaves hydroperoxides, AOS transforms them into unstable fatty acid epoxides which are then metabolized further by enzymatic processes to jasmonates that are important in the signalling of plant defence responses; the mammalian equiva ...
Photosynthetic Reactions
... Photosynthetic reactions are the basis of carbon chain construction of sugars and other basic chemicals like amino acids. The reactions combine CO2 and make carbon chains by the photosynthetic reactions called light dependent reactions and light independent reactions often called the Calvin cycle. T ...
... Photosynthetic reactions are the basis of carbon chain construction of sugars and other basic chemicals like amino acids. The reactions combine CO2 and make carbon chains by the photosynthetic reactions called light dependent reactions and light independent reactions often called the Calvin cycle. T ...
The Citric acid cycle
... 3 E2 catalyzes the transfer of the acetyl groups to CoA yielding acetyl-CoA and reduced dihydrolipoamide-E2 4 Dihydrolipoyl dh E3 reoxidizes dihydrolipoamide-E2 and itself becomes reduced as FADH2 is formed 5 Reduced E3 is reoxidized by NAD+ to form FAD and NADH The enzymes SH groups are reoxidized ...
... 3 E2 catalyzes the transfer of the acetyl groups to CoA yielding acetyl-CoA and reduced dihydrolipoamide-E2 4 Dihydrolipoyl dh E3 reoxidizes dihydrolipoamide-E2 and itself becomes reduced as FADH2 is formed 5 Reduced E3 is reoxidized by NAD+ to form FAD and NADH The enzymes SH groups are reoxidized ...
LOYOLA COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS), CHENNAI – 600 034
... 3. Write the components that are involved in the synthesis of acetyl coenzyme A. 4. What would be the decarboxylated product of pyruvate in glycolysis? Mention the structure. 5. Define glycosuria. 6. What are ketone bodies? When and how are they formed in the body? 7. Calculate the energitics for pa ...
... 3. Write the components that are involved in the synthesis of acetyl coenzyme A. 4. What would be the decarboxylated product of pyruvate in glycolysis? Mention the structure. 5. Define glycosuria. 6. What are ketone bodies? When and how are they formed in the body? 7. Calculate the energitics for pa ...
Manipulating and Analyzing DNA
... change as a species evolves, interspecific analysis of DNA provides a picture of evolutionary relationships between different species. Some of the tools of biotechnology are the natural components of cells. Restriction enzymes are made by bacteria to protect themselves from viruses. They inactivate ...
... change as a species evolves, interspecific analysis of DNA provides a picture of evolutionary relationships between different species. Some of the tools of biotechnology are the natural components of cells. Restriction enzymes are made by bacteria to protect themselves from viruses. They inactivate ...
Enzyme
Enzymes /ˈɛnzaɪmz/ are macromolecular biological catalysts. Enzymes accelerate, or catalyze, chemical reactions. The molecules at the beginning of the process are called substrates and the enzyme converts these into different molecules, called products. Almost all metabolic processes in the cell need enzymes in order to occur at rates fast enough to sustain life. The set of enzymes made in a cell determines which metabolic pathways occur in that cell. The study of enzymes is called enzymology.Enzymes are known to catalyze more than 5,000 biochemical reaction types. Most enzymes are proteins, although a few are catalytic RNA molecules. Enzymes' specificity comes from their unique three-dimensional structures.Like all catalysts, enzymes increase the rate of a reaction by lowering its activation energy. Some enzymes can make their conversion of substrate to product occur many millions of times faster. An extreme example is orotidine 5'-phosphate decarboxylase, which allows a reaction that would otherwise take millions of years to occur in milliseconds. Chemically, enzymes are like any catalyst and are not consumed in chemical reactions, nor do they alter the equilibrium of a reaction. Enzymes differ from most other catalysts by being much more specific. Enzyme activity can be affected by other molecules: inhibitors are molecules that decrease enzyme activity, and activators are molecules that increase activity. Many drugs and poisons are enzyme inhibitors. An enzyme's activity decreases markedly outside its optimal temperature and pH.Some enzymes are used commercially, for example, in the synthesis of antibiotics. Some household products use enzymes to speed up chemical reactions: enzymes in biological washing powders break down protein, starch or fat stains on clothes, and enzymes in meat tenderizer break down proteins into smaller molecules, making the meat easier to chew.