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... then can treat as “one” particle and use reduced mass in QM, H does not depend on the labeling. And so if any i j and j i, you get the same observables or state this as (for 2 particles) H(1,2)=H(2,1) ...
... then can treat as “one” particle and use reduced mass in QM, H does not depend on the labeling. And so if any i j and j i, you get the same observables or state this as (for 2 particles) H(1,2)=H(2,1) ...
Física Teórica de Partículas
... How to understand the pattern of fermion masses ! and mixing ? Are there more than one Higgs doublet ? Are neutrinos Majorana or Dirac Particles? Is there leptonic CP Violation, detectable in neutrino oscillations? What is the origin of the Baryon Asymmetry! of the Universe? Leptogenesis? ...
... How to understand the pattern of fermion masses ! and mixing ? Are there more than one Higgs doublet ? Are neutrinos Majorana or Dirac Particles? Is there leptonic CP Violation, detectable in neutrino oscillations? What is the origin of the Baryon Asymmetry! of the Universe? Leptogenesis? ...
Beyond Einstein: SuSy, String Theory, Cosmology
... rational multiples of one another (e.g. Qe=Qp). Why? • General relativity cannot be combined sensibly with the Standard Model, without some significant modification. • The Standard Model cannot account for most of the energy density of the universe. About 20% dark matter; about 75% dark energy; only ...
... rational multiples of one another (e.g. Qe=Qp). Why? • General relativity cannot be combined sensibly with the Standard Model, without some significant modification. • The Standard Model cannot account for most of the energy density of the universe. About 20% dark matter; about 75% dark energy; only ...
Physics Beyond the Standard Model
... Charged particles have virtual quantum allowed clouds around them of photons and electron-positron pairs. Colored particles have virtual gluons and q-anti-q pairs. So the total coupling at long distance or “charge”, is different from the coupling at short distance, where the the cloud is penetra ...
... Charged particles have virtual quantum allowed clouds around them of photons and electron-positron pairs. Colored particles have virtual gluons and q-anti-q pairs. So the total coupling at long distance or “charge”, is different from the coupling at short distance, where the the cloud is penetra ...
Particle Physics Theory – working group
... • some leading theorists in some representative European institutions • some leaders in the theory community outside Europe ...
... • some leading theorists in some representative European institutions • some leaders in the theory community outside Europe ...
String Theory
... Why Strings? String Theory was conceived because all the other theories had weak spots. Quantum Theory only works when gravity is neglected and General Relativity works only if we neglect Quantum Theory and assume that the universe is purely classical. Early String Theory combined these two and was ...
... Why Strings? String Theory was conceived because all the other theories had weak spots. Quantum Theory only works when gravity is neglected and General Relativity works only if we neglect Quantum Theory and assume that the universe is purely classical. Early String Theory combined these two and was ...
HillCTEQ2
... e.g. SU(N) has N2-1 generators. Generators are in 1:1 correspondence with the gauge fields in a Yang-Mills threory. ...
... e.g. SU(N) has N2-1 generators. Generators are in 1:1 correspondence with the gauge fields in a Yang-Mills threory. ...
String Theory - Santa Rosa Junior College
... spacetime dimensions The number of spacetime dimension is not fixed in string theory It is best thought of as different under different ...
... spacetime dimensions The number of spacetime dimension is not fixed in string theory It is best thought of as different under different ...
My Century of Physics
... positions to Gamow and myself. Gamow was happy about going to UCLA when he visited me in my office at Caltech but for reasons that I never understood, Hans Bethe influenced UCLA to withdraw the offer to Gamow. That was a big disappointment for me but I was persuaded by David Saxon that there was a b ...
... positions to Gamow and myself. Gamow was happy about going to UCLA when he visited me in my office at Caltech but for reasons that I never understood, Hans Bethe influenced UCLA to withdraw the offer to Gamow. That was a big disappointment for me but I was persuaded by David Saxon that there was a b ...
3.6 The Feynman-rules for QED For any given action (Lagrangian
... This is a general feature of calculating cross sections for processes involving external fermions, i.e. that one will encounter expressions of the form ...
... This is a general feature of calculating cross sections for processes involving external fermions, i.e. that one will encounter expressions of the form ...
String Theory
... String Theory is believed to bridge the gap between General Relativity and Quantum Mechanics This is because Relativistic Quantum Field Theory only works when gravity is ignored (very weak) General Relativity only works when we can assume the universe can be described by classical physics (no quantu ...
... String Theory is believed to bridge the gap between General Relativity and Quantum Mechanics This is because Relativistic Quantum Field Theory only works when gravity is ignored (very weak) General Relativity only works when we can assume the universe can be described by classical physics (no quantu ...
Supersymmetry and Lorentz Invariance as Low-Energy
... The Einstein-Hilbert action for the gravitational field, the Yang-Mills action for the gauge fields, and the analogous terms for the gaugino and gravitino fields are assumed to arise from a response of the vacuum that is analogous to the Landau diamagnetic response of a metal. (If this assumption i ...
... The Einstein-Hilbert action for the gravitational field, the Yang-Mills action for the gauge fields, and the analogous terms for the gaugino and gravitino fields are assumed to arise from a response of the vacuum that is analogous to the Landau diamagnetic response of a metal. (If this assumption i ...
Atomic Theory - Buford High School Chemistry
... NOTES: Atomic Theory 400 B.C.- ____________________ , _____________ philosopher, developed the first atomic theory. He believed that matter was made up of tiny particles called _________. He also believed that matter could not be ______________, _______________, or further ________________. His theo ...
... NOTES: Atomic Theory 400 B.C.- ____________________ , _____________ philosopher, developed the first atomic theory. He believed that matter was made up of tiny particles called _________. He also believed that matter could not be ______________, _______________, or further ________________. His theo ...
Problem set 2
... Quantum Mechanics 3, Spring 2012 CMI Problem set 2 Due by beginning of class on Monday Jan 16, 2012 Adiabatic approximation & Spin ...
... Quantum Mechanics 3, Spring 2012 CMI Problem set 2 Due by beginning of class on Monday Jan 16, 2012 Adiabatic approximation & Spin ...
Journey into the Microcosm – The Story of Elementary Particles
... gauge theories. He does an excellent job in discussing the standard model of particle physics, going into concepts like spontaneous symmetry breaking and non-abelian gauge theories with illuminating examples. Interspersed in the text, as side attractions, are thumbnail sketches of the people and per ...
... gauge theories. He does an excellent job in discussing the standard model of particle physics, going into concepts like spontaneous symmetry breaking and non-abelian gauge theories with illuminating examples. Interspersed in the text, as side attractions, are thumbnail sketches of the people and per ...
Adventures with Superstrings
... all particle types are the same kind of string vibrating or rotating in different ways the spectrum and size of the string states is ...
... all particle types are the same kind of string vibrating or rotating in different ways the spectrum and size of the string states is ...
Desperately Seeking Superstrings
... qualitative (and a few quantitative) confirmations. That QCD is almost certainly “correct” suggests and affirms the belief that elegance and uniqueness — in this case, reinforced by ...
... qualitative (and a few quantitative) confirmations. That QCD is almost certainly “correct” suggests and affirms the belief that elegance and uniqueness — in this case, reinforced by ...
Lecture 1 - Particle Physics Group
... •Four-momentum, spin and charges (colour, electric) are conserved at each vertex, BUT •Internal lines/particles can be virtual, i.e. they need not obey the usual relation of the particle’s rest mass m with its energy and momentum; E2 = p2 + m2 . •External lines represent the particles which are actu ...
... •Four-momentum, spin and charges (colour, electric) are conserved at each vertex, BUT •Internal lines/particles can be virtual, i.e. they need not obey the usual relation of the particle’s rest mass m with its energy and momentum; E2 = p2 + m2 . •External lines represent the particles which are actu ...
From ancient Greece to Nobel prize: a Higgs timeline
... theory that everything in the Universe is made up of 12 building-block particles governed by four fundamental forces. The theory cannot work without the Higgs boson conferring mass on matter, 1897: The electron is discovered by Britain's as the fundamental particles by their very nature do Joseph Th ...
... theory that everything in the Universe is made up of 12 building-block particles governed by four fundamental forces. The theory cannot work without the Higgs boson conferring mass on matter, 1897: The electron is discovered by Britain's as the fundamental particles by their very nature do Joseph Th ...
The Universe itself
... our understanding of the dynamics of the Universe itself. Einstein was puzzled at first that his equations allow solutions implying an expanding or a contracting universe. But further theoretical elaborations by others, together with Edwin Hubble’s discovery of galaxies speeding away from us whereve ...
... our understanding of the dynamics of the Universe itself. Einstein was puzzled at first that his equations allow solutions implying an expanding or a contracting universe. But further theoretical elaborations by others, together with Edwin Hubble’s discovery of galaxies speeding away from us whereve ...
Quantum Reality
... If one boson is in a particular quantum state, all other bosons are "invited in" to share the same state. The more bosons that pile into the state, the stronger becomes the tendency for others to join them. In such a state, a very large number of particle will have a single quantum wave function. Th ...
... If one boson is in a particular quantum state, all other bosons are "invited in" to share the same state. The more bosons that pile into the state, the stronger becomes the tendency for others to join them. In such a state, a very large number of particle will have a single quantum wave function. Th ...
see flyer - Centre for Research in String Theory
... Title : Nuclear Forces from Gravitational Physics : A String Theory connection. Abstract: "The strong nuclear force binding the nucleus is described very well by Quantum Chromo-Dynamics (QCD) which has been directly tested in high energy collisions of elementary particles. However, extracting quanti ...
... Title : Nuclear Forces from Gravitational Physics : A String Theory connection. Abstract: "The strong nuclear force binding the nucleus is described very well by Quantum Chromo-Dynamics (QCD) which has been directly tested in high energy collisions of elementary particles. However, extracting quanti ...
An Exceptionally Simple Theory of Everything
""An Exceptionally Simple Theory of Everything"" is a physics preprint proposing a basis for a unified field theory, very often referred to as ""E8 Theory"", which attempts to describe all known fundamental interactions in physics and to stand as a possible theory of everything. The paper was posted to the physics arXiv by Antony Garrett Lisi on November 6, 2007, and was not submitted to a peer-reviewed scientific journal. The title is a pun on the algebra used, the Lie algebra of the largest ""simple"", ""exceptional"" Lie group, E8. The paper's goal is to describe how the combined structure and dynamics of all gravitational and Standard Model particle fields, including fermions, are part of the E8 Lie algebra. In the paper, Lisi states that all three generations of fermions do not directly embed in E8 with correct quantum numbers and spins, but that they might be described via a triality transformation, noting that the theory is incomplete and that a correct description of the relationship between triality and generations, if it exists, awaits a better understanding.The theory received accolades from a few physicists amid a flurry of media coverage, but also met with widespread skepticism. Scientific American reported in March 2008 that the theory was being ""largely but not entirely ignored"" by the mainstream physics community, with a few physicists picking up the work to develop it further.In a follow-up paper, Lee Smolin proposed a spontaneous symmetry breaking mechanism for obtaining the classical action in Lisi's model, and speculated on the path to its quantization.In July 2009, Jacques Distler and Skip Garibaldi published a critical paper in Communications in Mathematical Physics called ""There is no 'Theory of Everything' inside E8"", arguing that Lisi's theory, and a large class of related models, cannot work. They offer a direct proof that it is impossible to embed all three generations of fermions in E8, or to obtain even the one-generation Standard Model without the presence of an antigeneration. In response to Distler and Garibaldi's paper, Lisi argued, in a new paper ""An Explicit Embedding of Gravity and the Standard Model in E8"", peer reviewed and published in a conference proceedings, that some assumptions about fermion embeddings are unnecessary and that the antigeneration is not by itself a problem sufficient to rule out the one-generation Standard Model. In December 2010 and May 2011, Lisi wrote in the popular magazine Scientific American a feature article on the E8 Theory of Everything and an entry in the blog section of the magazine addressing some of the criticism of his theory and how it has progressed, noting that the theory is still incomplete and makes only tenuous predictions, with the three generation issue remaining as a significant problem.