How can a 22-pole ion trap exhibit ten local minima
... of the 22 rf electrodes and the axial end electrodes. Figure 1(b) is a zoom of the scan which more clearly shows the measured ion density distribution. Every pixel of the histogram here represents a fitted photodetachment depletion rate k(x, y) (see section 2) and is proportional to the single-parti ...
... of the 22 rf electrodes and the axial end electrodes. Figure 1(b) is a zoom of the scan which more clearly shows the measured ion density distribution. Every pixel of the histogram here represents a fitted photodetachment depletion rate k(x, y) (see section 2) and is proportional to the single-parti ...
Quantum Transport in Nanoscale Devices
... and technologists, yet this time the limits seem more real and are already forcing new strategies on the design of future devices. Critical dimensions, such as transistor gate length and oxide thickness, are reaching physical limitations. Maintaining dimensional integrity at the limits of scaling is ...
... and technologists, yet this time the limits seem more real and are already forcing new strategies on the design of future devices. Critical dimensions, such as transistor gate length and oxide thickness, are reaching physical limitations. Maintaining dimensional integrity at the limits of scaling is ...
Diffusive Spin Dynamics in Ferromagnetic Thin Films with a Rashba
... wire, which favors a deeper asymmetry in the spatial profile (not shown here). The narrow width (shorter than the spin-flip diffusion length defined by sf ) of the wire prevents the relaxation of the spin density such that its effective magnitude in the middle of the wire may differ from its value ...
... wire, which favors a deeper asymmetry in the spatial profile (not shown here). The narrow width (shorter than the spin-flip diffusion length defined by sf ) of the wire prevents the relaxation of the spin density such that its effective magnitude in the middle of the wire may differ from its value ...
Performance of 1-mm Silicon Photomultiplier
... the generation of false counts that arise from the emission of carriers that were trapped in bandgap states in the depletion region during previous Geiger events [14]. Optical crosstalk occurs when a photon, emitted by the avalanching carriers in one microcell, travels to a neighboring microcell and ...
... the generation of false counts that arise from the emission of carriers that were trapped in bandgap states in the depletion region during previous Geiger events [14]. Optical crosstalk occurs when a photon, emitted by the avalanching carriers in one microcell, travels to a neighboring microcell and ...
Density dependence of excess electronic ground
... The ground-state energies of an excess electron E0 as a function of solvent density are computed using model electron-atom pseudopotentials in fluid helium, argon, and xenon. E0 is a lower bound to the experimentally measurable threshold to photoconductivity, V,. The nonuniqueness of the pseudopoten ...
... The ground-state energies of an excess electron E0 as a function of solvent density are computed using model electron-atom pseudopotentials in fluid helium, argon, and xenon. E0 is a lower bound to the experimentally measurable threshold to photoconductivity, V,. The nonuniqueness of the pseudopoten ...
lecture notes on applied mathematics
... These right-moving waves describe the invasion of the state u = 0 by the state u = 1. Reflecting x 7→ −x, we get a corresponding family of left-moving traveling waves with −∞ < c ≤ −2. Since the traveling wave ODE (1.10) is autonomous, if F (x) is a solution then so is F (x − x0 ) for any constant x ...
... These right-moving waves describe the invasion of the state u = 0 by the state u = 1. Reflecting x 7→ −x, we get a corresponding family of left-moving traveling waves with −∞ < c ≤ −2. Since the traveling wave ODE (1.10) is autonomous, if F (x) is a solution then so is F (x − x0 ) for any constant x ...
Sub-keV ring current ions as the tracer of substorm injection
... of the phenomenon, the best method is to compare consecutive traversals before, during, and after substorms and make statistics. Unfortunately, Viking’s orbital period of about 4.6 h is comparable to the lifetime of the phenomenon. Hence, such a comparison of consecutive traversals is quite difficul ...
... of the phenomenon, the best method is to compare consecutive traversals before, during, and after substorms and make statistics. Unfortunately, Viking’s orbital period of about 4.6 h is comparable to the lifetime of the phenomenon. Hence, such a comparison of consecutive traversals is quite difficul ...
Direct comparison of experimental and theoretical results on the
... chamber of length 170 cm.) In this case, the total length of the plasma column (computation base) reaches the value of z = 250 cm. As long as a minimal axial scale, which is the width of antenna loops, reaches d = 1 cm, the number of harmonics to be taken into account, lz max , should be several ti ...
... chamber of length 170 cm.) In this case, the total length of the plasma column (computation base) reaches the value of z = 250 cm. As long as a minimal axial scale, which is the width of antenna loops, reaches d = 1 cm, the number of harmonics to be taken into account, lz max , should be several ti ...
notes on elementary statistical mechanics
... can only be given for equilibrium states. A thermodynamic system is in equilibrium if the thermodynamic variables do not change over time (i.e. there is time-translation invariance, the system is stationary) and, in addition, there are no fluxes (of matter, energy or other) across the sample. Exampl ...
... can only be given for equilibrium states. A thermodynamic system is in equilibrium if the thermodynamic variables do not change over time (i.e. there is time-translation invariance, the system is stationary) and, in addition, there are no fluxes (of matter, energy or other) across the sample. Exampl ...
A review of statistical modelling and inference for electrical capacitance tomography TOPICAL REVIEW
... statistical inference in which the unknown permittivity is to be estimated. The parametrization of the unknown permittivity is an important consideration as it determines the ease, or difficulty, of stating constraints over allowable permittivities. A consequent requirement is the specification of a ...
... statistical inference in which the unknown permittivity is to be estimated. The parametrization of the unknown permittivity is an important consideration as it determines the ease, or difficulty, of stating constraints over allowable permittivities. A consequent requirement is the specification of a ...
29 Electronic Response to External Perturbations
... in Chapters 24 and 25 without taking the interaction between electrons into account, although its role may be important in some cases. In this chapter we will study the response of the interacting electron system to external perturbations, to an applied electromagnetic field. We will consider first th ...
... in Chapters 24 and 25 without taking the interaction between electrons into account, although its role may be important in some cases. In this chapter we will study the response of the interacting electron system to external perturbations, to an applied electromagnetic field. We will consider first th ...
A Quantum Similarity Study of Atomic Density Functions: Insights
... electron density distribution of various molecules. These data can be used as descriptor in comparative discussions of molecular structure and reactivity [1]. In recent years one notices a multitude of methodological studies on various aspects of Quantum Similarity of molecules such as the use of di ...
... electron density distribution of various molecules. These data can be used as descriptor in comparative discussions of molecular structure and reactivity [1]. In recent years one notices a multitude of methodological studies on various aspects of Quantum Similarity of molecules such as the use of di ...
Distribution of density along magnetospheric field lines
... cold ions and the strong dependence of density across field lines; nevertheless, Gallagher et al. [2000] found that the sum of the H+ and He+ densities was roughly constant along field lines within the plasmasphere in the range LTRE = 3– 5RE for R > 2RE. [6] The field line dependence of mass density ...
... cold ions and the strong dependence of density across field lines; nevertheless, Gallagher et al. [2000] found that the sum of the H+ and He+ densities was roughly constant along field lines within the plasmasphere in the range LTRE = 3– 5RE for R > 2RE. [6] The field line dependence of mass density ...
Contents - MyCourses
... the number or particles. In thermodynamic differential forms these variables appear as conjugate pairs of extensive and intensive variables. For quantities like energy and entropy the extensiveness requires weakness of interaction energy (or correlations) between macroscopic subsystems of the origin ...
... the number or particles. In thermodynamic differential forms these variables appear as conjugate pairs of extensive and intensive variables. For quantities like energy and entropy the extensiveness requires weakness of interaction energy (or correlations) between macroscopic subsystems of the origin ...
Factors affecting the Cl atom density in a chlorine discharge
... gas dischargessince it determinesthe electron transport properties and the rate coefficients for various electronparticle (atom or molecule) reactions.The EEDF depends on the electric field, neutral gas density, excitation frequency, and plasma gas composition. The latter may be quite different than ...
... gas dischargessince it determinesthe electron transport properties and the rate coefficients for various electronparticle (atom or molecule) reactions.The EEDF depends on the electric field, neutral gas density, excitation frequency, and plasma gas composition. The latter may be quite different than ...
Ab Initio Nuclear Structure Calculations for Light Nuclei
... removed to ensure precise results. For this reason, the traditional harmonic oscillator (HO) basis is adopted. This enables us to isolate and remove spurious cm motion effects from all observables and from the one-body density matrices that encode reduced information derived from the many-body wavef ...
... removed to ensure precise results. For this reason, the traditional harmonic oscillator (HO) basis is adopted. This enables us to isolate and remove spurious cm motion effects from all observables and from the one-body density matrices that encode reduced information derived from the many-body wavef ...
The dimer model - Brown math department
... lozenge tilings of the plane which consists of a delta measure at a single tiling. This measure is an (uninteresting) example of an ergodic Gibbs measure (see ...
... lozenge tilings of the plane which consists of a delta measure at a single tiling. This measure is an (uninteresting) example of an ergodic Gibbs measure (see ...
Principles of Nonlinear Optical Spectroscopy
... This expression looks very similar to our final expression Equ. 2.37. However, it is not very useful since it would not converge (not at all, or extremely slowly). The reason is, we did not make use of any knowledge we in general have about the system. It is a non-perturbative expansion. In general ...
... This expression looks very similar to our final expression Equ. 2.37. However, it is not very useful since it would not converge (not at all, or extremely slowly). The reason is, we did not make use of any knowledge we in general have about the system. It is a non-perturbative expansion. In general ...
1. Principles of Thermodynamics
... the number or particles. In thermodynamic differential forms these variables appear as conjugate pairs of extensive and intensive variables. For quantities like energy and entropy the extensiveness requires weakness of interaction energy (or correlations) between macroscopic subsystems of the origin ...
... the number or particles. In thermodynamic differential forms these variables appear as conjugate pairs of extensive and intensive variables. For quantities like energy and entropy the extensiveness requires weakness of interaction energy (or correlations) between macroscopic subsystems of the origin ...
Boltzmann Approximation of Fermi Function
... If a semiconductor is very heavily doped, the Boltzmann approximation is not valid. For Si at T = 300 K, EcEF < 3kT if ND > 1.6 1018 cm–3 EFEv < 3kT if NA > 9.1 1017 cm–3 The semiconductor is said to be degenerately doped (heavily doped) in this case. • ND = total number of donor atoms/c ...
... If a semiconductor is very heavily doped, the Boltzmann approximation is not valid. For Si at T = 300 K, EcEF < 3kT if ND > 1.6 1018 cm–3 EFEv < 3kT if NA > 9.1 1017 cm–3 The semiconductor is said to be degenerately doped (heavily doped) in this case. • ND = total number of donor atoms/c ...
Charge density research: from inorganic and molecular
... are Slater-type radial functions in which Nl is a normalization factor. The Plm are the multipoles coefficients which are refined in the least squares process. The normalization of ylm implies that a Plm value of þ 1 transfers one electron from the negative lobe of the ylm function to the positi ...
... are Slater-type radial functions in which Nl is a normalization factor. The Plm are the multipoles coefficients which are refined in the least squares process. The normalization of ylm implies that a Plm value of þ 1 transfers one electron from the negative lobe of the ylm function to the positi ...
Kinetic Theory - damtp - University of Cambridge
... to replace them. Any particle which is at x at time t + ∆t must have been sitting at some other position x − ∆x at time t. Here ∆x should be viewed as a random variable since some move one way, some the other. This means that we can write an expression for the density at time t + ∆t as an average ov ...
... to replace them. Any particle which is at x at time t + ∆t must have been sitting at some other position x − ∆x at time t. Here ∆x should be viewed as a random variable since some move one way, some the other. This means that we can write an expression for the density at time t + ∆t as an average ov ...
THE FORCE DENSITY IN POLARIZABLE AND MAGNETIZABLE
... similar conservation equations for the electromagnetic field and the internal energy flow in the matter provide the means for determining the force density. In the next section we arrive at the well-known expression for the force density for a simple physical system, a pressureless charged fluid in ...
... similar conservation equations for the electromagnetic field and the internal energy flow in the matter provide the means for determining the force density. In the next section we arrive at the well-known expression for the force density for a simple physical system, a pressureless charged fluid in ...
Rapid density fluctuations in the solar wind
... about connection to the bow shock. However, the spectra do not have the form of foreshock spectra and so have been included. In these plots, the spikes are harmonics of the spin frequency, are due to photoelectric effects, and are to be ignored. Celnikier et al. (1987) were the first to find that th ...
... about connection to the bow shock. However, the spectra do not have the form of foreshock spectra and so have been included. In these plots, the spikes are harmonics of the spin frequency, are due to photoelectric effects, and are to be ignored. Celnikier et al. (1987) were the first to find that th ...
FACTOR GRAPHS AND GRAPH ENSEMBLES
... It is often the case that such dependencies can be ‘factorized’ in a non-trivial way, and distinct variables interact only ‘locally’. In statistical physics, the fundamental origin of such a property can be traced back to the locality of physical interactions. In computer vision it is due to the two ...
... It is often the case that such dependencies can be ‘factorized’ in a non-trivial way, and distinct variables interact only ‘locally’. In statistical physics, the fundamental origin of such a property can be traced back to the locality of physical interactions. In computer vision it is due to the two ...
Probability density function
In probability theory, a probability density function (PDF), or density of a continuous random variable, is a function that describes the relative likelihood for this random variable to take on a given value. The probability of the random variable falling within a particular range of values is given by the integral of this variable’s density over that range—that is, it is given by the area under the density function but above the horizontal axis and between the lowest and greatest values of the range. The probability density function is nonnegative everywhere, and its integral over the entire space is equal to one.The terms ""probability distribution function"" and ""probability function"" have also sometimes been used to denote the probability density function. However, this use is not standard among probabilists and statisticians. In other sources, ""probability distribution function"" may be used when the probability distribution is defined as a function over general sets of values, or it may refer to the cumulative distribution function, or it may be a probability mass function rather than the density. Further confusion of terminology exists because density function has also been used for what is here called the ""probability mass function"".