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Lecture 8
Lecture 8

... non-compact spaces, it is natural to ask the following question: can a given space be embedded homeomorphically in a compact space? The answer to this is always yes. In fact, there are many ways of doing it, among them the Wallman, Stone-Čech and Alexandroff compactifications. Today we consider onl ...
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... X/G. This is especially the case when the action has fixed points or misbehaving orbits. For instance, [X/G] in some sense remembers all the stabilizer groups of the action, while X/G is completely blind to them. There is a natural morphism πmod : [X/G] → X/G enabling us to compare the stacky quotie ...
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Topological spaces

59 (2007), 181–188 DENSE SETS, NOWHERE DENSE SETS AND
59 (2007), 181–188 DENSE SETS, NOWHERE DENSE SETS AND

... Idempotent property and expanding property are not redundant in the above theorem. Consider Example 2.2. Let A = {a}. Then cl(clA) = cl{a, b} = X 6= clA. So (X, cl) is not idempotent but it is isotonic. We have already noted that A is gc-dense but not sgc-dense. Example 2.3. Let X = {a, b, c}. cl∅ = ...
The bordism version of the h
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On Regular b-Open Sets in Topological Spaces
On Regular b-Open Sets in Topological Spaces

... 6. generalized α-closed (briefly gα-closed) [12] if αcl (A) ⊂ U whenever A ⊂ U and U is α-open in X, 7. α-generalized closed (briefly αg-closed) [13] if αcl (A) ⊂ U whenever A ⊂ U and U is open in X, 8. generalized b-closed (briefly gb-closed) [1] if bcl (A) ⊂ U whenever A ⊂ U and U is open in X, 9. ...
Sum theorems for topological spaces
Sum theorems for topological spaces

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Article - Fundamental Research and Development

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FUNDAMENTAL GROUPS - University of Chicago Math Department
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... Definition 1.15. Let X be a topological space. A separation of X is a pair U and V of disjoint, nonempty, open (or closed) subsets of X whose union is X. The space X is connected if there is no separation of X. Another way to state this definition is to say that a space X is connected if and only if ...
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... converges to ω1 , even though every term is countable. This overcomes the shortness of sequences, but is still not enough to solve all difficulties. Indeed, reconsider Example 3 from the proof of Proposition 3; the product space P(X) = {0, 1}X where X is uncountable. We take the subspace Q of P(X) ...
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Topology I - Exercises and Solutions

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... which are Quillen equivalent to (CatsSet )Bergner and thus likewise present the homotopy theory of homotopy theories (by virtue of Theorem 2.2). Purely as a matter of terminology, objects of any of these model categories – or more precisely, their weak equivalence classes – have come to be referred ...
Separation axioms in topology. - ScholarWorks @ UMT
Separation axioms in topology. - ScholarWorks @ UMT

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Section 41. Paracompactness - Faculty

Draft version F ebruary 5, 2015
Draft version F ebruary 5, 2015

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Sheaf (mathematics)

In mathematics, a sheaf is a tool for systematically tracking locally defined data attached to the open sets of a topological space. The data can be restricted to smaller open sets, and the data assigned to an open set is equivalent to all collections of compatible data assigned to collections of smaller open sets covering the original one. For example, such data can consist of the rings of continuous or smooth real-valued functions defined on each open set. Sheaves are by design quite general and abstract objects, and their correct definition is rather technical. They exist in several varieties such as sheaves of sets or sheaves of rings, depending on the type of data assigned to open sets.There are also maps (or morphisms) from one sheaf to another; sheaves (of a specific type, such as sheaves of abelian groups) with their morphisms on a fixed topological space form a category. On the other hand, to each continuous map there is associated both a direct image functor, taking sheaves and their morphisms on the domain to sheaves and morphisms on the codomain, and an inverse image functor operating in the opposite direction. These functors, and certain variants of them, are essential parts of sheaf theory.Due to their general nature and versatility, sheaves have several applications in topology and especially in algebraic and differential geometry. First, geometric structures such as that of a differentiable manifold or a scheme can be expressed in terms of a sheaf of rings on the space. In such contexts several geometric constructions such as vector bundles or divisors are naturally specified in terms of sheaves. Second, sheaves provide the framework for a very general cohomology theory, which encompasses also the ""usual"" topological cohomology theories such as singular cohomology. Especially in algebraic geometry and the theory of complex manifolds, sheaf cohomology provides a powerful link between topological and geometric properties of spaces. Sheaves also provide the basis for the theory of D-modules, which provide applications to the theory of differential equations. In addition, generalisations of sheaves to more general settings than topological spaces, such as Grothendieck topology, have provided applications to mathematical logic and number theory.
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