Mass-Energy equivalence, Annihilation, Two
... mathematical models with better fit to empirical results. A deeper explanatory understanding of the mechanics is altogether lacking. More specifically, although the current models describe what happens, the how is not described. For example, the Breit-Wheeler model describes the evolution of the ele ...
... mathematical models with better fit to empirical results. A deeper explanatory understanding of the mechanics is altogether lacking. More specifically, although the current models describe what happens, the how is not described. For example, the Breit-Wheeler model describes the evolution of the ele ...
The evolution of arbitrary computational processes
... could be achieved with the addition of a potentially unbounded indexed memory; any Turing-computable function could then be evolved in principle [4]. A different dimension along which programs may be generalized concerns not the absolute computational power of the representations but rather the ease ...
... could be achieved with the addition of a potentially unbounded indexed memory; any Turing-computable function could then be evolved in principle [4]. A different dimension along which programs may be generalized concerns not the absolute computational power of the representations but rather the ease ...
Basic principles of probability theory
... integration, Laplace approximation, numerical integration based on stochastic approaches (Monte-Carlo, Gibbs sampling, Markov Chain Monte Carlo). ...
... integration, Laplace approximation, numerical integration based on stochastic approaches (Monte-Carlo, Gibbs sampling, Markov Chain Monte Carlo). ...
Hydrogen atom in phase space: the Wigner representation
... becomes a classical phase space distribution. These and other properties of the Wigner function with its applications in various branches of physics have been reviewed in a number of articles and books [15–17]. It is well known that Wigner function given by equation (1) can be easily calculated, ana ...
... becomes a classical phase space distribution. These and other properties of the Wigner function with its applications in various branches of physics have been reviewed in a number of articles and books [15–17]. It is well known that Wigner function given by equation (1) can be easily calculated, ana ...
Parallel Universes
... this article without finishing it, while you read on. The idea of such an alter ego seems strange and implausible, but it looks as if we will just have to live with it, because it is supported by astronomical observations. The simplest and most popular cosmological model today predicts that you have ...
... this article without finishing it, while you read on. The idea of such an alter ego seems strange and implausible, but it looks as if we will just have to live with it, because it is supported by astronomical observations. The simplest and most popular cosmological model today predicts that you have ...
Spontaneously broken gauge symmetry in a Bose gas with constant
... randomly (Boltzmann distributed) field mode occupation numbers using a random (Markov chain) Monte Carlo Metropolis algorithm. The spectrum implies a macroscopically and locally broken phase gauge symmetry of the average condensate and non-condensate quantum field, and the results indicate that the ...
... randomly (Boltzmann distributed) field mode occupation numbers using a random (Markov chain) Monte Carlo Metropolis algorithm. The spectrum implies a macroscopically and locally broken phase gauge symmetry of the average condensate and non-condensate quantum field, and the results indicate that the ...
Partially Observable Markov Decision Processes with Reward
... This approach belongs largely to the area of operations research. The other was developed in the artificial intelligence community, which takes a learning point-of-view. In this approach, rewards z̄t := r̄(xt , at ) (we will simply denote it as zt for simplicity) at all times t = 0, 1, · · · are obse ...
... This approach belongs largely to the area of operations research. The other was developed in the artificial intelligence community, which takes a learning point-of-view. In this approach, rewards z̄t := r̄(xt , at ) (we will simply denote it as zt for simplicity) at all times t = 0, 1, · · · are obse ...
Learn more. - Navillum Nanotechnologies
... Teaching science concepts with Quantum dots. Quantum dots are a fun and colorful way to introduce traditionally intimidating concepts in Physics and Chemistry into the classroom. They can be used to illustrate the physical concept of colors as light energy in the form of waves with distinct wavelen ...
... Teaching science concepts with Quantum dots. Quantum dots are a fun and colorful way to introduce traditionally intimidating concepts in Physics and Chemistry into the classroom. They can be used to illustrate the physical concept of colors as light energy in the form of waves with distinct wavelen ...
Making Stargates - Department of Physics
... “positive energy theorem” was true. That is, everyone assumed that negative mass matter was physically impossible. Thorne showed that this assumption was wrong by appealing to the fact that the energy density between the plates of a Casimir cavity is less than zero – that is, the energy density is n ...
... “positive energy theorem” was true. That is, everyone assumed that negative mass matter was physically impossible. Thorne showed that this assumption was wrong by appealing to the fact that the energy density between the plates of a Casimir cavity is less than zero – that is, the energy density is n ...
The Wigner function and quantum state tomography
... inherently uncertain and statistical nature of quantum mechanics and quantum measurement. Despite all its strengths, a Gibbs ensemble cannot replicate all the predictions of quantum mechanics, in particular ones where interference between different components of the ensemble can occur. In addition, ...
... inherently uncertain and statistical nature of quantum mechanics and quantum measurement. Despite all its strengths, a Gibbs ensemble cannot replicate all the predictions of quantum mechanics, in particular ones where interference between different components of the ensemble can occur. In addition, ...
Paper
... mechanical processes. Here we will show that biotic patterns appear in the Schrödinger’s equation, which describes the behavior of quantum dynamic systems. It thus portrays the physical foundation of natural and human processes. Determinism and probability (sometimes presented as indeterminism and a ...
... mechanical processes. Here we will show that biotic patterns appear in the Schrödinger’s equation, which describes the behavior of quantum dynamic systems. It thus portrays the physical foundation of natural and human processes. Determinism and probability (sometimes presented as indeterminism and a ...
pdf
... they do not settle the question whether the vacuum state violates Bell’s inequality relative to measurements performed in any pair of spacelike separated regions (no matter how small these regions are, and no matter how far apart they are). Clifton immediately realized the interest of this question; ...
... they do not settle the question whether the vacuum state violates Bell’s inequality relative to measurements performed in any pair of spacelike separated regions (no matter how small these regions are, and no matter how far apart they are). Clifton immediately realized the interest of this question; ...
First-principles calculations of long-range intermolecular dispersion forces Auayporn Jiemchooroj Link¨
... reference data in the literature and the potential applications. To our knowledge, only a few theoretical studies have been done for large systems, and these were carried out with more approximate methods. ...
... reference data in the literature and the potential applications. To our knowledge, only a few theoretical studies have been done for large systems, and these were carried out with more approximate methods. ...
Uncertainty principle in view of quantum estimation theory
... It is proved that SLD CR bound is attainable i hlj jli i is real for any i; j . When SLD-CR bound is attainable, that bound is achieved by a simple measurement, i.e., a projection valued measurement. Especially, when the model has only one parameter, SLD CR bound is always attainable. Is there any ...
... It is proved that SLD CR bound is attainable i hlj jli i is real for any i; j . When SLD-CR bound is attainable, that bound is achieved by a simple measurement, i.e., a projection valued measurement. Especially, when the model has only one parameter, SLD CR bound is always attainable. Is there any ...
pdf
... for debate among physicists. When I talked about the double-slit experiment in class, I used it to show students the need to think beyond F=ma, but I didn’t talk about any of that other stuff. […] We did talk a little about (quantum weirdness) at the very end of the semester, but it was only becaus ...
... for debate among physicists. When I talked about the double-slit experiment in class, I used it to show students the need to think beyond F=ma, but I didn’t talk about any of that other stuff. […] We did talk a little about (quantum weirdness) at the very end of the semester, but it was only becaus ...
Renormalization group
In theoretical physics, the renormalization group (RG) refers to a mathematical apparatus that allows systematic investigation of the changes of a physical system as viewed at different distance scales. In particle physics, it reflects the changes in the underlying force laws (codified in a quantum field theory) as the energy scale at which physical processes occur varies, energy/momentum and resolution distance scales being effectively conjugate under the uncertainty principle (cf. Compton wavelength).A change in scale is called a ""scale transformation"". The renormalization group is intimately related to ""scale invariance"" and ""conformal invariance"", symmetries in which a system appears the same at all scales (so-called self-similarity). (However, note that scale transformations are included in conformal transformations, in general: the latter including additional symmetry generators associated with special conformal transformations.)As the scale varies, it is as if one is changing the magnifying power of a notional microscope viewing the system. In so-called renormalizable theories, the system at one scale will generally be seen to consist of self-similar copies of itself when viewed at a smaller scale, with different parameters describing the components of the system. The components, or fundamental variables, may relate to atoms, elementary particles, atomic spins, etc. The parameters of the theory typically describe the interactions of the components. These may be variable ""couplings"" which measure the strength of various forces, or mass parameters themselves. The components themselves may appear to be composed of more of the self-same components as one goes to shorter distances.For example, in quantum electrodynamics (QED), an electron appears to be composed of electrons, positrons (anti-electrons) and photons, as one views it at higher resolution, at very short distances. The electron at such short distances has a slightly different electric charge than does the ""dressed electron"" seen at large distances, and this change, or ""running,"" in the value of the electric charge is determined by the renormalization group equation.