Topic 10: Genetics (HL)
... 10.2 Dihybrid crosses and gene linkage 10.2.1 Calculate and predict the genotypic and phenotypic ratio of offspring of dihybrid crosses involving unlinked autosomal genes 10.2.2 Distinguish between autosomes and sex chromosomes 10.2.3 Explain how crossing over between non-sister chromatids of a homo ...
... 10.2 Dihybrid crosses and gene linkage 10.2.1 Calculate and predict the genotypic and phenotypic ratio of offspring of dihybrid crosses involving unlinked autosomal genes 10.2.2 Distinguish between autosomes and sex chromosomes 10.2.3 Explain how crossing over between non-sister chromatids of a homo ...
BILL Entry 6
... BILL Entry #6 1. If 98 out of 200 individuals in a population express the recessive phenotype, what percent of the population would you predict would be heterozygotes? 2. Your original population of 200 was hit by a tidal wave and 100 organisms were wiped out, leaving 36 homozygous recessive out of ...
... BILL Entry #6 1. If 98 out of 200 individuals in a population express the recessive phenotype, what percent of the population would you predict would be heterozygotes? 2. Your original population of 200 was hit by a tidal wave and 100 organisms were wiped out, leaving 36 homozygous recessive out of ...
Hardy Weinberg questions
... 1. No mutations must occur so that new alleles do not enter the population. 2. No gene flow can occur (i.e. no migration of individuals into, or out of, the population). 3. Random mating must occur (i.e. individuals must pair by chance) 4. The population must be large so that no genetic drift (rando ...
... 1. No mutations must occur so that new alleles do not enter the population. 2. No gene flow can occur (i.e. no migration of individuals into, or out of, the population). 3. Random mating must occur (i.e. individuals must pair by chance) 4. The population must be large so that no genetic drift (rando ...
Genetic determinants of sports participation and daily physical activity
... level. Positive association results should be carefully interpreted. Association can be positive, because the studied marker does cause the major gene effect, but it might also be that the marker is in linkage disequilibrium with the real gene causing the effect. Association might also be found due ...
... level. Positive association results should be carefully interpreted. Association can be positive, because the studied marker does cause the major gene effect, but it might also be that the marker is in linkage disequilibrium with the real gene causing the effect. Association might also be found due ...
Key for Homework due on February 10 (Skeletons Reveal Human
... 2. Based on genetic evidence, humans are most closely related to which two species? Chimpanzees and bonobos. 3. Are humans more closely related to gorillas or orangutans? State the evidence. Our genes (and our genome as a whole) are more similar to those of gorillas, indicating that we are more clos ...
... 2. Based on genetic evidence, humans are most closely related to which two species? Chimpanzees and bonobos. 3. Are humans more closely related to gorillas or orangutans? State the evidence. Our genes (and our genome as a whole) are more similar to those of gorillas, indicating that we are more clos ...
your name (first and last)
... Sexual reproduction occurs when new individual is formed through union of two sex cells (gametes). ...
... Sexual reproduction occurs when new individual is formed through union of two sex cells (gametes). ...
Lecture 1 - Portal UniMAP
... cooks and shapes the menstrual blood which is the “physical substance’ to give rise to an offspring Embryo develops as a result of shaping power of vital heat. ...
... cooks and shapes the menstrual blood which is the “physical substance’ to give rise to an offspring Embryo develops as a result of shaping power of vital heat. ...
Molecular Koch`s Postulates Applied to Microbial Pathogenicity
... course, for some pathogens, such study is not yet functional analysis, and even sequencing it are not possible. Moreover, for either alternative, it is essensufficient unless one can rigorously prove that the tial that the test of pathogenicity be performed with loss (or gain) of the gene in the spe ...
... course, for some pathogens, such study is not yet functional analysis, and even sequencing it are not possible. Moreover, for either alternative, it is essensufficient unless one can rigorously prove that the tial that the test of pathogenicity be performed with loss (or gain) of the gene in the spe ...
File
... In a population at equlibrium, mating must be random. In assortative mating, individuals tend to choose mates similar to themselves; for example, large blister beetles tend to choose mates of large size and small blister beetles tend to choose small mates. Though this does not alter allelic frequenc ...
... In a population at equlibrium, mating must be random. In assortative mating, individuals tend to choose mates similar to themselves; for example, large blister beetles tend to choose mates of large size and small blister beetles tend to choose small mates. Though this does not alter allelic frequenc ...
Lecture Slides - McMaster University
... . Genome-wide approaches in diverse ethnic backgrounds have identified several hundreds of regions showing recent positive natural selection ...
... . Genome-wide approaches in diverse ethnic backgrounds have identified several hundreds of regions showing recent positive natural selection ...
Adaptation and speciation: what can Fst tell us?
... Ascertainment bias: bias in demographic inferences owing to the use of (typically) low mutation rate markers, such as SNPs, that have been previously identified in earlier smaller scale studies. The SNPs so identified will form a biased subset, with alleles at intermediate frequencies (otherwise the ...
... Ascertainment bias: bias in demographic inferences owing to the use of (typically) low mutation rate markers, such as SNPs, that have been previously identified in earlier smaller scale studies. The SNPs so identified will form a biased subset, with alleles at intermediate frequencies (otherwise the ...
Case
... Recall that our “common disease, common variant” hypothesis meant each individual SNP carries only a small effect. Maybe two SNPs together will correlate better with phenotype. So, methods for 2-locus association study. Main problem: Number of pairs ~ N2 ...
... Recall that our “common disease, common variant” hypothesis meant each individual SNP carries only a small effect. Maybe two SNPs together will correlate better with phenotype. So, methods for 2-locus association study. Main problem: Number of pairs ~ N2 ...
Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Problems 1. The frequency of two
... 2. An allele W, for white wool, is dominant over allele w, for black wool. In a sample of 900 sheep, 891 are white and 9 are black. Calculate the allelic frequencies within this population, assuming that the population is in H-W equilibrium. 3. In a population that is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, ...
... 2. An allele W, for white wool, is dominant over allele w, for black wool. In a sample of 900 sheep, 891 are white and 9 are black. Calculate the allelic frequencies within this population, assuming that the population is in H-W equilibrium. 3. In a population that is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, ...
BINF6201/8201 Dynamics of genes in populations 2
... Ø It has been theoretically shown and experimentally demonstrated that if we go back enough number of generations, all existing descendant genes can be traced back to a single most recent common ancestor (MRCA) gene. Ø This phenomenon is called gene coalescence. That is, gene mutation always arises ...
... Ø It has been theoretically shown and experimentally demonstrated that if we go back enough number of generations, all existing descendant genes can be traced back to a single most recent common ancestor (MRCA) gene. Ø This phenomenon is called gene coalescence. That is, gene mutation always arises ...
Systems genetics can provide new insights in to
... 0896-8411/$ – see front matter Ó 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. ...
... 0896-8411/$ – see front matter Ó 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. ...
is p = 1
... – The frequency of the recessive allele (q) is the square root of 0.0001 = 0.01. – The frequency of the dominant allele (p) is p = 1 - q or 1 - 0.01 = 0.99. – The frequency of carriers (heterozygous individuals) is 2pq = 2 x 0.99 x 0.01 = 0.0198 or about 2%. • Thus, about 2% of the U.S. population c ...
... – The frequency of the recessive allele (q) is the square root of 0.0001 = 0.01. – The frequency of the dominant allele (p) is p = 1 - q or 1 - 0.01 = 0.99. – The frequency of carriers (heterozygous individuals) is 2pq = 2 x 0.99 x 0.01 = 0.0198 or about 2%. • Thus, about 2% of the U.S. population c ...
I. Mendel`s postulates Postulate 1. Unit factors in pairs Postulate 2
... • In other words, segregation of 2 alleles at one genetic locus has no effect on the segregation of 2 alleles at another locus (unless linked). • For example, the assortment of yellow and green alleles has no effect on the assortment of round and wrinkled alleles, and vice versa. ...
... • In other words, segregation of 2 alleles at one genetic locus has no effect on the segregation of 2 alleles at another locus (unless linked). • For example, the assortment of yellow and green alleles has no effect on the assortment of round and wrinkled alleles, and vice versa. ...
16.1 Genes and Variation - Center Grove Elementary School
... - Some variations are better than others, the environment SELECTS those. 2. How are FAVORABLE variations (traits) passed on to offspring? ...
... - Some variations are better than others, the environment SELECTS those. 2. How are FAVORABLE variations (traits) passed on to offspring? ...
Neutral Theory, Molecular Evolution and Mutation
... documenting polymorphisms within species) New Field of Molecular Evolution Arises ...
... documenting polymorphisms within species) New Field of Molecular Evolution Arises ...
Summary of topics Timeline of Mendelian genetics
... Note that for a 2-allele system, the maximum heterozygosity under HWP occurs when the 2 alleles have equal frequency of 1/2. deviations from Hardy Weinberg proportions: Given any sample is of finite size, we do not expect the genotype frequencies to be in exact HWP. In the example above on determini ...
... Note that for a 2-allele system, the maximum heterozygosity under HWP occurs when the 2 alleles have equal frequency of 1/2. deviations from Hardy Weinberg proportions: Given any sample is of finite size, we do not expect the genotype frequencies to be in exact HWP. In the example above on determini ...
Exam 2 Key
... Individuals (animals and plants) in the population differ from one another at any given time. Genetic differences account for the phenotypic variation we see for height of dinosaurs and plants. Random mutations in existing alleles result in different sequences of bases, thus new alleles. Random muta ...
... Individuals (animals and plants) in the population differ from one another at any given time. Genetic differences account for the phenotypic variation we see for height of dinosaurs and plants. Random mutations in existing alleles result in different sequences of bases, thus new alleles. Random muta ...
DNA Tests for Genetic Improvement of Beef Cattle
... potential of an animal as a parent given that only half of an animal’s alleles will be passed to the next generation. Just like an EPD, these results are reported in units of the trait. As an example (shown below), assume that two Angus bulls (denoted as Animals 1 and 2) both have been DNA tested by ...
... potential of an animal as a parent given that only half of an animal’s alleles will be passed to the next generation. Just like an EPD, these results are reported in units of the trait. As an example (shown below), assume that two Angus bulls (denoted as Animals 1 and 2) both have been DNA tested by ...
Human genetic variation
Human genetic variation is the genetic differences both within and among populations. There may be multiple variants of any given gene in the human population (genes), leading to polymorphism. Many genes are not polymorphic, meaning that only a single allele is present in the population: the gene is then said to be fixed. On average, in terms of DNA sequence all humans are 99.9% similar to any other humans.No two humans are genetically identical. Even monozygotic twins, who develop from one zygote, have infrequent genetic differences due to mutations occurring during development and gene copy-number variation. Differences between individuals, even closely related individuals, are the key to techniques such as genetic fingerprinting. Alleles occur at different frequencies in different human populations, with populations that are more geographically and ancestrally remote tending to differ more.Causes of differences between individuals include the exchange of genes during meiosis and various mutational events. There are at least two reasons why genetic variation exists between populations. Natural selection may confer an adaptive advantage to individuals in a specific environment if an allele provides a competitive advantage. Alleles under selection are likely to occur only in those geographic regions where they confer an advantage. The second main cause of genetic variation is due to the high degree of neutrality of most mutations. Most mutations do not appear to have any selective effect one way or the other on the organism. The main cause is genetic drift, this is the effect of random changes in the gene pool. In humans, founder effect and past small population size (increasing the likelihood of genetic drift) may have had an important influence in neutral differences between populations. The theory that humans recently migrated out of Africa supports this.The study of human genetic variation has both evolutionary significance and medical applications. It can help scientists understand ancient human population migrations as well as how different human groups are biologically related to one another. For medicine, study of human genetic variation may be important because some disease-causing alleles occur more often in people from specific geographic regions. New findings show that each human has on average 60 new mutations compared to their parents.Apart from mutations, many genes that may have aided humans in ancient times plague humans today. For example, it is suspected that genes that allow humans to more efficiently process food are those that make people susceptible to obesity and diabetes today.