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central dogma of molecular biology - Rose
central dogma of molecular biology - Rose

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The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance
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The Allele and Genotype Frequencies of Bovine Pituitary Specific Transcription

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Transformation of Clostridium Thermocellum by Electroporation
Transformation of Clostridium Thermocellum by Electroporation

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Unit 07 - Lessons 4-6
Unit 07 - Lessons 4-6

... •  Chromosomes contain many genes. –  The farther apart two genes are located on a chromosome, the more likely they are to be separated by crossing over. –  Genes located close together on a chromosome tend to be inherited together, which is called genetic linkage. •  Genetic linkage allows the dist ...
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Genetic engineering



Genetic engineering, also called genetic modification, is the direct manipulation of an organism's genome using biotechnology. It is therefore a set of technologies used to change the genetic makeup of cells, including the transfer of genes within and across species boundaries to produce improved or novel organisms. New DNA may be inserted in the host genome by first isolating and copying the genetic material of interest using molecular cloning methods to generate a DNA sequence, or by synthesizing the DNA, and then inserting this construct into the host organism. Genes may be removed, or ""knocked out"", using a nuclease. Gene targeting is a different technique that uses homologous recombination to change an endogenous gene, and can be used to delete a gene, remove exons, add a gene, or introduce point mutations.An organism that is generated through genetic engineering is considered to be a genetically modified organism (GMO). The first GMOs were bacteria generated in 1973 and GM mice in 1974. Insulin-producing bacteria were commercialized in 1982 and genetically modified food has been sold since 1994. Glofish, the first GMO designed as a pet, was first sold in the United States December in 2003.Genetic engineering techniques have been applied in numerous fields including research, agriculture, industrial biotechnology, and medicine. Enzymes used in laundry detergent and medicines such as insulin and human growth hormone are now manufactured in GM cells, experimental GM cell lines and GM animals such as mice or zebrafish are being used for research purposes, and genetically modified crops have been commercialized.
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