Meiosis
... occurs prior to meiosis. However, in many other organisms such as maize, oat, humans, and mice, homologous chromosomes are not associated with each other until zygotene. Regardless of when chromosomes pair, a major question in meiosis is, how do the homologous chromosomes identify and associate with ...
... occurs prior to meiosis. However, in many other organisms such as maize, oat, humans, and mice, homologous chromosomes are not associated with each other until zygotene. Regardless of when chromosomes pair, a major question in meiosis is, how do the homologous chromosomes identify and associate with ...
Genes underlying altruism
... Can genes mediate the expression of altruism? Hamilton began his career and made his most profound impacts on evolutionary biology by considering this controversial question in light of Darwin’s conundrum: how selection could favour individually costly behaviours, such as those exemplified by self s ...
... Can genes mediate the expression of altruism? Hamilton began his career and made his most profound impacts on evolutionary biology by considering this controversial question in light of Darwin’s conundrum: how selection could favour individually costly behaviours, such as those exemplified by self s ...
Reassignment of the Human CSFl Gene to Chromosome lp13-p21
... multiple CSF-1 messenger RNA (mRNA) species with different coding and 3' untranslated sequences.'-" Shortly after human CSFl cDNA and genomic clones were isolated: the gene was mapped by isotopic in situ chromosomal hybridization, together with somatic cell hybrid panels, to chromosome 5 at band q33 ...
... multiple CSF-1 messenger RNA (mRNA) species with different coding and 3' untranslated sequences.'-" Shortly after human CSFl cDNA and genomic clones were isolated: the gene was mapped by isotopic in situ chromosomal hybridization, together with somatic cell hybrid panels, to chromosome 5 at band q33 ...
DNA Chips: Genes to Disease
... are expressed (transcribed) in different tissues under different conditions. This is what gives different tissues their different phenotypes (appearance and function). *Note: Gametes contain half of the genes that somatic cells do, and enucleated cells (such as mature red blood cells) do not contain ...
... are expressed (transcribed) in different tissues under different conditions. This is what gives different tissues their different phenotypes (appearance and function). *Note: Gametes contain half of the genes that somatic cells do, and enucleated cells (such as mature red blood cells) do not contain ...
Chapter Outline
... • The rate of molecular evolution can be determined by calculating the average number of amino acid or nucleotide changes that have occurred per site in a molecule since two or more evolving lineages l l i l i li diverged from a common ancestor. ...
... • The rate of molecular evolution can be determined by calculating the average number of amino acid or nucleotide changes that have occurred per site in a molecule since two or more evolving lineages l l i l i li diverged from a common ancestor. ...
Divergent evolution of oxidosqualene cyclases in plants
... a novel phenolic pathway in Brassicaceae (Matsuno et al., 2009). Families of genes for enzymes implicated in plant secondary metabolism (e.g. cytochrome P450s, glycosyltransferases, acyltransferases, prenyltransferases) have commonly expanded, and the different members have acquired new functions by ...
... a novel phenolic pathway in Brassicaceae (Matsuno et al., 2009). Families of genes for enzymes implicated in plant secondary metabolism (e.g. cytochrome P450s, glycosyltransferases, acyltransferases, prenyltransferases) have commonly expanded, and the different members have acquired new functions by ...
The Challenge of Antibiotic Resistance
... the body that make contact with the outer world, including the skin, the mucous membranes and the lining of the intestinal tract. Most live blamelessly. In fact, they often protect us from disease, because they compete with, and thus limit the proliferation of, pathogenic bacteria—the minority of sp ...
... the body that make contact with the outer world, including the skin, the mucous membranes and the lining of the intestinal tract. Most live blamelessly. In fact, they often protect us from disease, because they compete with, and thus limit the proliferation of, pathogenic bacteria—the minority of sp ...
The Challenge of Antibiotic Resistance
... the body that make contact with the outer world, including the skin, the mucous membranes and the lining of the intestinal tract. Most live blamelessly. In fact, they often protect us from disease, because they compete with, and thus limit the proliferation of, pathogenic bacteria—the minority of sp ...
... the body that make contact with the outer world, including the skin, the mucous membranes and the lining of the intestinal tract. Most live blamelessly. In fact, they often protect us from disease, because they compete with, and thus limit the proliferation of, pathogenic bacteria—the minority of sp ...
Rate Asymmetry After Genome Duplication Causes Substantial
... topologies among neighbor-joining (NJ) trees drawn from different loci and suggested that this conflict was the result of ‘‘asynchronous functional divergence’’ of duplicated genes (Langkjaer, R. B., P. F. Cliften, M. Johnston, and J. Piskur. 2003. Yeast genome duplication was followed by asynchrono ...
... topologies among neighbor-joining (NJ) trees drawn from different loci and suggested that this conflict was the result of ‘‘asynchronous functional divergence’’ of duplicated genes (Langkjaer, R. B., P. F. Cliften, M. Johnston, and J. Piskur. 2003. Yeast genome duplication was followed by asynchrono ...
Significance of bacterial identification by molecular
... had another avenue to pursue with respect to understanding the microbiology of root canal infections. Shortly after Kary Mullis described a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique, for which he received the Nobel Prize in 1993 (14), the flood gates opened with respect to what was possible in the w ...
... had another avenue to pursue with respect to understanding the microbiology of root canal infections. Shortly after Kary Mullis described a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique, for which he received the Nobel Prize in 1993 (14), the flood gates opened with respect to what was possible in the w ...
E.coli
... • E. coli as host: Many eukaryotic genes and their control sequences have been isolated and analyzed using gene cloning techniques based on E. coli as host. • Eukaryotic Vectors: However, many applications of genetic engineering (see Section J) require vectors for the expression of foreign genes in ...
... • E. coli as host: Many eukaryotic genes and their control sequences have been isolated and analyzed using gene cloning techniques based on E. coli as host. • Eukaryotic Vectors: However, many applications of genetic engineering (see Section J) require vectors for the expression of foreign genes in ...
Evolution of DNA Sequencing - Journal of the College of Physicians
... chain any further, and carrying out the reaction with one 32P labeled ddTTP and other normal deoxyribose nucleotide triphosphates (dNTPs), a mixture of fragments with same 5' end but ddT residue at 3' end is obtained. By electrophoresing it on denaturing polyacrylamide gel, bands show distribution o ...
... chain any further, and carrying out the reaction with one 32P labeled ddTTP and other normal deoxyribose nucleotide triphosphates (dNTPs), a mixture of fragments with same 5' end but ddT residue at 3' end is obtained. By electrophoresing it on denaturing polyacrylamide gel, bands show distribution o ...
Evolution of Coloration Patterns
... choice. Indeed, one of the theories for pigmentation loss in cavefish is that the cave environment predicts no selective advantage for this trait and therefore the trait is lost (Culver 1982). There are many other examples for which there appears to be no obvious adaptive function of a particular col ...
... choice. Indeed, one of the theories for pigmentation loss in cavefish is that the cave environment predicts no selective advantage for this trait and therefore the trait is lost (Culver 1982). There are many other examples for which there appears to be no obvious adaptive function of a particular col ...
Divergent evolution of oxidosqualene cyclases in plants
... a novel phenolic pathway in Brassicaceae (Matsuno et al., 2009). Families of genes for enzymes implicated in plant secondary metabolism (e.g. cytochrome P450s, glycosyltransferases, acyltransferases, prenyltransferases) have commonly expanded, and the different members have acquired new functions by ...
... a novel phenolic pathway in Brassicaceae (Matsuno et al., 2009). Families of genes for enzymes implicated in plant secondary metabolism (e.g. cytochrome P450s, glycosyltransferases, acyltransferases, prenyltransferases) have commonly expanded, and the different members have acquired new functions by ...
Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at 17q and 14q in human lung
... with a signi®cant degree of 14q LOH. The proximal end of the region de®ned in our study overlaps with the region de®ned in the ovarian carcinoma study. Assuming that the deletion observed at 14q11-12 in bladder, ovarian and lung cancers are driven by the same gene, the identi®cation and characteriza ...
... with a signi®cant degree of 14q LOH. The proximal end of the region de®ned in our study overlaps with the region de®ned in the ovarian carcinoma study. Assuming that the deletion observed at 14q11-12 in bladder, ovarian and lung cancers are driven by the same gene, the identi®cation and characteriza ...
Proportionality between variances in gene expression induced by
... genetic and epigenetic origins? If a phenotype is changeable easily epigenetically through development or environment, is it also more feasible to change genetically? Similarly, if a phenotype is robust to developmental perturbations, is it also robust to genetic variations through evolution? When w ...
... genetic and epigenetic origins? If a phenotype is changeable easily epigenetically through development or environment, is it also more feasible to change genetically? Similarly, if a phenotype is robust to developmental perturbations, is it also robust to genetic variations through evolution? When w ...
Bacteria-based communication in nanonetworks
... bits, since there are 4 possible options for the base of one of the nucleotides of the pair, and the other base is determined by the first. This DNA forms a plasmid, i.e., a circular DNA strand capable of self-replication and self-transfer, via bacterial conjugation, to new bacteria. The plasmid can ...
... bits, since there are 4 possible options for the base of one of the nucleotides of the pair, and the other base is determined by the first. This DNA forms a plasmid, i.e., a circular DNA strand capable of self-replication and self-transfer, via bacterial conjugation, to new bacteria. The plasmid can ...
Lecture 32 – PDF
... treated as if they were alleles at a single genetic locus. (iv) Inversions historically are called “crossover suppressers.” This is a misnomer, as recombination (not crossing over) is actually suppressed. b) Inversions permit the build-up and maintenance of co-adapted gene complexes. (i) The region ...
... treated as if they were alleles at a single genetic locus. (iv) Inversions historically are called “crossover suppressers.” This is a misnomer, as recombination (not crossing over) is actually suppressed. b) Inversions permit the build-up and maintenance of co-adapted gene complexes. (i) The region ...
Information Encoding in Biological Molecules: DNA and
... • The microRNA bantam regulates the Drosophila (fruitfly) gene hid by binding the 3’ UTR. Hid is involved in apoptosis, and it is possible that binding sites for bantam could be found in the 3’ UTR of other apoptosis genes as well. Obtain the 3’ UTR sequence of all Drosophila genes known to be invol ...
... • The microRNA bantam regulates the Drosophila (fruitfly) gene hid by binding the 3’ UTR. Hid is involved in apoptosis, and it is possible that binding sites for bantam could be found in the 3’ UTR of other apoptosis genes as well. Obtain the 3’ UTR sequence of all Drosophila genes known to be invol ...
Polymorphism of Insulin-Like Growth Factor I Gene among Chicken
... the successful development of breed-diagnostic markers across the studied breeds (Fig. 3). The Cobb 500 breed showed a unique SSCP pattern with four bands. As mentioned in several studies (Bodenes et al., 1996; Tokue et al., 1995), it is sometimes possible to detect multiple bands for some fragments ...
... the successful development of breed-diagnostic markers across the studied breeds (Fig. 3). The Cobb 500 breed showed a unique SSCP pattern with four bands. As mentioned in several studies (Bodenes et al., 1996; Tokue et al., 1995), it is sometimes possible to detect multiple bands for some fragments ...
The Clinical Spectrum - American Diabetes Association
... opportunity” may exist during which therapeutic intervention, aimed at decreasing ER stress or its effect on -cell apoptosis, may be possible, thus preserving -cell function and severe insulin-deficient diabetes. The importance of identifying specific genetic causes of monogenic diabetes is twofol ...
... opportunity” may exist during which therapeutic intervention, aimed at decreasing ER stress or its effect on -cell apoptosis, may be possible, thus preserving -cell function and severe insulin-deficient diabetes. The importance of identifying specific genetic causes of monogenic diabetes is twofol ...
Identification of Bacterial Species Using Colony PCR
... incorporated into the gel itself or applied post-gel electrophoresis. Stains can be viewed using a UV light. Ethidium bromide was the most commonly used until it was found to be extremely toxic because it can easily soak through the skin and bind to the DNA. The ethidium bromide is an intercalating ...
... incorporated into the gel itself or applied post-gel electrophoresis. Stains can be viewed using a UV light. Ethidium bromide was the most commonly used until it was found to be extremely toxic because it can easily soak through the skin and bind to the DNA. The ethidium bromide is an intercalating ...
Genetic engineering
Genetic engineering, also called genetic modification, is the direct manipulation of an organism's genome using biotechnology. It is therefore a set of technologies used to change the genetic makeup of cells, including the transfer of genes within and across species boundaries to produce improved or novel organisms. New DNA may be inserted in the host genome by first isolating and copying the genetic material of interest using molecular cloning methods to generate a DNA sequence, or by synthesizing the DNA, and then inserting this construct into the host organism. Genes may be removed, or ""knocked out"", using a nuclease. Gene targeting is a different technique that uses homologous recombination to change an endogenous gene, and can be used to delete a gene, remove exons, add a gene, or introduce point mutations.An organism that is generated through genetic engineering is considered to be a genetically modified organism (GMO). The first GMOs were bacteria generated in 1973 and GM mice in 1974. Insulin-producing bacteria were commercialized in 1982 and genetically modified food has been sold since 1994. Glofish, the first GMO designed as a pet, was first sold in the United States December in 2003.Genetic engineering techniques have been applied in numerous fields including research, agriculture, industrial biotechnology, and medicine. Enzymes used in laundry detergent and medicines such as insulin and human growth hormone are now manufactured in GM cells, experimental GM cell lines and GM animals such as mice or zebrafish are being used for research purposes, and genetically modified crops have been commercialized.