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... The literature starts before 1930 and is sometimes confusing, in part because there are really 3 problems: 1) For any quantum particle ψ~e-iwt with +ve w= c k  k and localizability is limited by FT theorems. 2) If all k's are equally weighted to localize the number probability density, then energy ...
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... corresponds a density operator p, which is a positive-semidefinite, selfadjoint, unit-trace linear operator on 2/P. All the density operators are elements of 3-(J~f), the real normed linear space of all linear self-adjoint trace class operators on ~%f.Within the space Y(~f) is a set called the posit ...
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The Standard Model of Particle Physics

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Today in Physics 218: gauge transformations

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UNSTRUNG

... “beauty.” But in physics, as in the rest of life, beauty can be a slippery thing. The gold standard for beauty in physics is Albert Einstein’s theory of general relativity. What makes it beautiful? First, there is its simplicity. In a single equation, it explains the force of gravity as a curving in ...
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Algorithms, Complexity and Quantum Fourier Transform

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... The name “Nonlinear Schrödinger equation” (NLSE) originates from a formal analogy with the Schrödinger equation of quantum mechanics. In this context a nonlinear potential arises in the “mean field” description of interacting particles. The “elliptic” NLSE, which when written in a frame moving at th ...
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... The Standard Model can be tested by measuring muon (g-2). The experiment is unusually accurate compared with typical particle-physics measurements. The subtraction of 2 ( i.e. 2.00000000000000...) is done for us by the physics, so the measurement gets directly to the radiative corrections. For muons ...
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Grof, Jung, and the Quantum Vacuum

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Friction in Physics and Society - The Racah Institute of Physics

... Einstein was led to the formulation of the so-called "hypothesis of light-quanta", according to which the radiant energy, in contradiction to Maxwell’s electromagnetic theory of light, would not be propagated as electromagnetic waves, but rather as concrete light atoms, each with an energy equal to ...
Untitled - College of William and Mary
Untitled - College of William and Mary

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Scalar field theory

In theoretical physics, scalar field theory can refer to a classical or quantum theory of scalar fields. A scalar field is invariant under any Lorentz transformation.The only fundamental scalar quantum field that has been observed in nature is the Higgs field. However, scalar quantum fields feature in the effective field theory descriptions of many physical phenomena. An example is the pion, which is actually a pseudoscalar.Since they do not involve polarization complications, scalar fields are often the easiest to appreciate second quantization through. For this reason, scalar field theories are often used for purposes of introduction of novel concepts and techniques.The signature of the metric employed below is (+, −, −, −).
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