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the Origins of Mahayana Buddhism
the Origins of Mahayana Buddhism

... says, even the oldest layers of the Mahayana Nirvana Sutra do not reveal the circumstances of the period m which Mahayana first devel­ oped. 1 here may be another, even older, layer of Mahayana Buddhism that goes back further than the oldest layer of the Nirvana Sutra. What if there was an active in ...
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Theravada and Mahayana - The Ecclesbourne School Online

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... Based on the universal development of the world today, it may be said that their efforts aim at not only preserving an educational tradition that was founded more than two thousand years ago but also making, through this tradition, some possible contributions to the development of the world. Today, ...
Doxographies - Why six darśanas? Which six?
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... Ibid., pp.263-86; King (1999), pp.24-41. ...
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What Is Buddhism? - Southwark Diocesan Board of Education

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She Who Laughs Loudest: A Meditation on Zen Humor

... These three stages of development within Zen are all drawn upon in the story, highlighting the existential predicament of the Zen practitioner who is always being thrown back into the world, back into their ill-fated (disastrous) situated existence. The Zen master initially communicates his having a ...
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... The Buddha saw the Jain theory of karma as somewhat mechanical and inflexible. Buddhist texts attribute to Jainism a kind of karmic fatalism: “Whatever this individual experiences, whether pleasant, unpleasant or neutral, all this is due to previous action. Thus, by burning up, making an end to anci ...
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... Some definitions of mantra: •  “the sound expressing some fundamental structure of existence”; “a seed-syllable” or “power syllable” •  “mind protector” •  "word(s) believed to be of 'superhuman origin,' received, fashioned, and spoken by the 'inspired' seers, poets, and reciters in order to evoke d ...
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Nondualism

Nondualism, also called non-duality, ""points to the idea that the universe and all its multiplicity are ultimately expressions or appearances of one essential reality."" It is a term and concept used to define various strands of religious and spiritual thought. It is found in a variety of Asian religious traditions and modern western spirituality, but with a variety of meanings and uses. The term may refer to: advaya, the nonduality of conventional and ultimate truth in the Mahayana Buddhist tradition; it says that there is no difference between the relative world and ""absolute"" reality; advaita, the non-difference of Ātman and Brahman or the Absolute; it is best known from Advaita Vedanta, but can also be found in Kashmir Shaivism, popular teachers like Ramana Maharshi and Nisargadatta Maharaj, and in the Buddha-nature of the Buddhist tradition; ""nondual consciousness"", the non-duality of subject and object; this can be found in modern spirituality.Its Asian origins are situated within both the Vedic and the Buddhist tradition and developed from the Upanishadic period onward. The oldest traces of nondualism in Indian thought may be found in the Chandogya Upanishad, which pre-dates the earliest Buddhism, while the Buddhist tradition added the highly influential teachings of śūnyatā; the two truths doctrine, the nonduality of the absolute and the relative truth; and the Yogacara notion of ""pure consciousness"" or ""representation-only"" (vijñaptimātra).The term has more commonly become associated with the Advaita Vedanta tradition of Adi Shankara, which took over the Buddhist notions of anutpada and pure consciousness but gave it an ontological interpretation, and provided an orthodox hermeneutical basis for heterodox Buddhist phenomology. Advaita Vedanta states that there is no difference between Brahman and Ātman, and that Brahman is ajativada, ""unborn,"" a stance which is also reflected in other Indian traditions, such as Shiva Advaita and Kashmir Shaivism.Vijñapti-mātra and the two truths doctrine, coupled with the concept of Buddha-nature, have also been influential concepts in the subsequent development of Mahayana Buddhism, not only in India, but also in China and Tibet, most notably the Chán (Zen) and Dzogchen traditions.The western origins are situated within Western esotericism, especially Swedenborgianism, Unitarianism, Transcendentalism and the idea of religious experience as a valid means of knowledge of a transcendental reality. Universalism and Perennialism are another important strand of thought, as reflected in various strands of modern spirituality, New Age and Neo-Advaita, where the ""primordial, natural awareness without subject or object"" is seen as the essence of a variety of religious traditions.
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