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HOW TO VERIFY LIGHTNING PROTECTION EFFICIENCY FOR ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS?
HOW TO VERIFY LIGHTNING PROTECTION EFFICIENCY FOR ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS?

Eaton 9390 UPS Brochure
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Thevenin Theorem
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... Aim: To obtain a simple equivalent circuit for a 1-port circuit that consists of linear, time-invariant n-port resistors and independent sources. What does «equivalent» mean?..................................................................... Thevenin Equivalent: RTH ...
Evaluates:  MAX6495 MAX6495 Evaluation Kit General Description Features
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... R1 and R2 sets the threshold voltage. The resistors provided in the MAX6495 EV kit set the threshold at 17V. If inputs VIN2 or VIN3 are used, this threshold will be higher due to the voltage drop in D1 or M2. The overvoltage threshold can be adjusted by varying R1 or R2 using the equation below: V ...
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... circuits of a multiple-circuit tower line (covered by Category P7). As such, it made sense to apply the same performance criteria to both classes of contingencies. However, actual performance data for 230-kV and above transmission lines in the Western Interconnection indicate that the average outage ...
development of a high-voltage high
development of a high-voltage high

... power a microcontroller circuit, is transformed into a square signal of adjustable frequency. At the same time, a rectified and adjustable voltage (0310 V), that feeds the primary of a step-up ferrite transformer of power 200 W, is transformed in a high frequency signal by the MOSFETs (IRF740) contr ...
MAX4624/MAX4625 1Ω, Low-Voltage, Single-Supply
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... SPDT Analog Switches Protection diodes D1 and D2 also protect against some overvoltage situations. With Figure 1’s circuit, if the supply voltage is below the absolute maximum rating, and if a fault voltage up to the absolute maximum rating is applied to an analog signal pin, no damage will result. ...
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Transformer Voltage Regulation and Efficiency
Transformer Voltage Regulation and Efficiency

... in field to accommodate variations in tap voltages • While this tap can not be changed when power is applied to transformer • Some times voltage varies widely with load, i.e. when high line impedance exist between generators & particular load; while normal loads should be supplied by an essentially ...
CONSTRUCTING A LASER DANCE MATRIX
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... accuracy of ± 5% of the 1000 A full scale level for a balanced, three phase system. The ACMA circuit consists of three isolated phase circuits (see Figure 3). Each phase circuit is the corresponding line current used by the Form 4C control for fault level detection and time–current curve (TCC) opera ...
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... by using modal/sensitivity analysis; also, time domain simulations are illustrated to verify the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy. Reference [8] applies feed forward compensation to the dc-link voltage-control loop to mitigate the impact of the nonlinear characteristic of the PV array. ...
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... Scaling and addition of voltage and current is done by R17 and R14. The AC noise present at their junction is removed by C12 - the DC voltage on C12 now represents the input power as calculated by the linear approximation. This voltage will be regulated by the slow PFC feedback loop. Op amp U2 is wi ...
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Electrical substation



A substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission, and distribution system. Substations transform voltage from high to low, or the reverse, or perform any of several other important functions. Between the generating station and consumer, electric power may flow through several substations at different voltage levels.Substations may be owned and operated by an electrical utility, or may be owned by a large industrial or commercial customer. Generally substations are unattended, relying on SCADA for remote supervision and control.A substation may include transformers to change voltage levels between high transmission voltages and lower distribution voltages, or at the interconnection of two different transmission voltages. The word substation comes from the days before the distribution system became a grid. As central generation stations became larger, smaller generating plants were converted to distribution stations, receiving their energy supply from a larger plant instead of using their own generators. The first substations were connected to only one power station, where the generators were housed, and were subsidiaries of that power station.
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