• Study Resource
  • Explore Categories
    • Arts & Humanities
    • Business
    • Engineering & Technology
    • Foreign Language
    • History
    • Math
    • Science
    • Social Science

    Top subcategories

    • Advanced Math
    • Algebra
    • Basic Math
    • Calculus
    • Geometry
    • Linear Algebra
    • Pre-Algebra
    • Pre-Calculus
    • Statistics And Probability
    • Trigonometry
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Astronomy
    • Astrophysics
    • Biology
    • Chemistry
    • Earth Science
    • Environmental Science
    • Health Science
    • Physics
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Anthropology
    • Law
    • Political Science
    • Psychology
    • Sociology
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Accounting
    • Economics
    • Finance
    • Management
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Aerospace Engineering
    • Bioengineering
    • Chemical Engineering
    • Civil Engineering
    • Computer Science
    • Electrical Engineering
    • Industrial Engineering
    • Mechanical Engineering
    • Web Design
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Architecture
    • Communications
    • English
    • Gender Studies
    • Music
    • Performing Arts
    • Philosophy
    • Religious Studies
    • Writing
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Ancient History
    • European History
    • US History
    • World History
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Croatian
    • Czech
    • Finnish
    • Greek
    • Hindi
    • Japanese
    • Korean
    • Persian
    • Swedish
    • Turkish
    • other →
 
Profile Documents Logout
Upload
Microscopic-macroscopic connection - ETSF Palaiseau
Microscopic-macroscopic connection - ETSF Palaiseau

arXiv:hep-th/9703136v1 19 Mar 1997
arXiv:hep-th/9703136v1 19 Mar 1997

Theoretical and observational consistency of Massive Gravity
Theoretical and observational consistency of Massive Gravity

... categories of the theoretical proposals for dark energy that have been considered in the literature and very soon concentrate on massive gravity as an alternative to dark energy in chapter 2. We will discuss the recently developed ghost-free nonlinear theory for massive spin2 fields, the de Rham-Gab ...
Geometric Aspects of Quantum Hall States
Geometric Aspects of Quantum Hall States

RADIATION REACTION AND SELF-FORCE IN CURVED SPACETIME IN A FIELD THEORY APPROACH
RADIATION REACTION AND SELF-FORCE IN CURVED SPACETIME IN A FIELD THEORY APPROACH

... the post-Newtonian (PN) formalism, which assumes that the two bodies, possibly spinning, are weakly gravitating sources moving at slow velocities under their mutual gravitational influences. Recently, the equations of motion for the two bodies and the radiation these emit have been computed using th ...
Electromagnetic Field Theory
Electromagnetic Field Theory

Chapter 2 Coulomb`s Law and Electric Field Intensity
Chapter 2 Coulomb`s Law and Electric Field Intensity

... If we now visualize a region of space filled with a tremendous number of charges separated by minute distances, such as the space between the control grid and the cathode in the electron-gun assembly of a cathode-ray tube operating with space charge, we see that we can replace this distribution of v ...
Quantum Field Theory - Uwe
Quantum Field Theory - Uwe

... constant of Nature that is indeed non-zero. This has consequences not only for mechanics but for all of physics. In particular, Maxwell’s theory of classical electrodynamics also needs to be modified by incorporating the principles of quantum physics. It turned out that this is a rather nontrivial e ...
Anomaly driven signatures of new invisible physics
Anomaly driven signatures of new invisible physics

Enhanced Symmetries and the Ground State of String Theory
Enhanced Symmetries and the Ground State of String Theory

Introduction to Supersymmetry
Introduction to Supersymmetry

Introduction to Renormalization Group Alex Kovner Valparaiso, December 12-14, 2013
Introduction to Renormalization Group Alex Kovner Valparaiso, December 12-14, 2013

... FIND A GIVEN FIELD CONFIGURATION φ(x) at time t. THERE IS STILL SCHROEDINGER EQUATION, BUT IT IS MUCH LESS USEFUL Ψ[φ] contains too much information, even knowing Ψ it is still hard work to get this information out. USUALLY WE ARE CONTENT WITH LESS. AS PARTICLE PHYSICISTS WE WANT SCATTERING AMPLITUD ...
Wake Fields in Particle Accelerators with Finite Thickness and
Wake Fields in Particle Accelerators with Finite Thickness and

... conducting pipes and ultra-relativistic motion    wake fields are negligible. In the realistic case of walls of finite conductivity, and/or relatively low values of the relativistic factor γ, wake fields might be quite relevant. In addition, for low revolution frequencies, the finite thickness ...
Classical Electrodynamics - Institut für Theoretische Physik
Classical Electrodynamics - Institut für Theoretische Physik

... number of misprints in the first German edition. Similarly I thank Björn Feuerbacher, Sebastian Diehl, Karsten Frese, Markus Gabrysch, and Jan Tomczak for informing me of misprints in the second edition. I am indebted to Cornelia Merkel, Melanie Steiert, and Sonja Bartsch for carefully reading and ...
Standard Model is an Effective Theory
Standard Model is an Effective Theory

Spacetime algebra as a powerful tool for electromagnetism
Spacetime algebra as a powerful tool for electromagnetism

Time reversal in classical electromagnetism - Philsci
Time reversal in classical electromagnetism - Philsci

... (So active and passive time reversal have exactly the same effect on the coordinate dependent descriptions of worlds.) Suppose now that we have a theory which is stated in terms of coordinate dependent descriptions of the world, i.e. a theory which says that only certain coordinate dependent descri ...
A Magnetotelluric Investigation of Geoelectrical Dimensionality and Study of the
A Magnetotelluric Investigation of Geoelectrical Dimensionality and Study of the

Transient Electromagnetic Waves in Nonlinear Media Sjöberg, Daniel
Transient Electromagnetic Waves in Nonlinear Media Sjöberg, Daniel

... How can we explain the term nonlinear ? As the name suggests, it is a non-property, a nonlinear material is characterized by not having a property called “linear”. This is a rather odd way of classifying things; instead of saying what they are, we try to say what they are not. However, the concept o ...
Studies of effective theories beyond the Standard Model
Studies of effective theories beyond the Standard Model

... Printed in Sweden by Universitetsservice US AB, Stockholm 2014 ...
7 The Schwarzschild Solution and Black Holes
7 The Schwarzschild Solution and Black Holes

Classical Electrodynamics - Duke Physics
Classical Electrodynamics - Duke Physics

... 21.7 My Own Field-Free Derivation of Radiation Reaction . . . ...
gauge-like variables for ordered media containing defects - HAL
gauge-like variables for ordered media containing defects - HAL

Equivalent Electromagnetic Constants for Microwave Application to
Equivalent Electromagnetic Constants for Microwave Application to

A VIEW OF MATHEMATICS Alain CONNES Mathematics is the
A VIEW OF MATHEMATICS Alain CONNES Mathematics is the

< 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ... 23 >

Kaluza–Klein theory

In physics, Kaluza–Klein theory (KK theory) is a unified field theory of gravitation and electromagnetism built around the idea of a fifth dimension beyond the usual four of space and time. It is considered to be an important precursor to string theory.The five-dimensional theory was developed in three steps. The original hypothesis came from Theodor Kaluza, who sent his results to Einstein in 1919, and published them in 1921. Kaluza's theory was a purely classical extension of general relativity to five dimensions. The 5-dimensional metric has 15 components. Ten components are identified with the 4-dimensional spacetime metric, 4 components with the electromagnetic vector potential, and one component with an unidentified scalar field sometimes called the ""radion"" or the ""dilaton"". Correspondingly, the 5-dimensional Einstein equations yield the 4-dimensional Einstein field equations, the Maxwell equations for the electromagnetic field, and an equation for the scalar field. Kaluza also introduced the hypothesis known as the ""cylinder condition"", that no component of the 5-dimensional metric depends on the fifth dimension. Without this assumption, the field equations of 5-dimensional relativity are enormously more complex. Standard 4-dimensional physics seems to manifest the cylinder condition. Kaluza also set the scalar field equal to a constant, in which case standard general relativity and electrodynamics are recovered identically.In 1926, Oskar Klein gave Kaluza's classical 5-dimensional theory a quantum interpretation, to accord with the then-recent discoveries of Heisenberg and Schrödinger. Klein introduced the hypothesis that the fifth dimension was curled up and microscopic, to explain the cylinder condition. Klein also calculated a scale for the fifth dimension based on the quantum of charge.It wasn't until the 1940s that the classical theory was completed, and the full field equations including the scalar field were obtained by three independent research groups:Thiry, working in France on his dissertation under Lichnerowicz; Jordan, Ludwig, and Müller in Germany, with critical input from Pauli and Fierz; and Scherrer working alone in Switzerland. Jordan's work led to the scalar-tensor theory of Brans & Dicke; Brans and Dicke were apparently unaware of Thiry or Scherrer. The full Kaluza equations under the cylinder condition are quite complex, and most English-language reviews as well as the English translations of Thiry contain some errors. The complete Kaluza equations were recently evaluated using tensor algebra software.
  • studyres.com © 2025
  • DMCA
  • Privacy
  • Terms
  • Report