The role of emerging bipoles in the formation of a sunspot penumbra
... bipoles increases gradually. Finally, the footpoint that has the same polarity as the spot merges with it. From this we envisage that the increase in the area and magnetic flux of the sunspot during our time sequence is due to merging of footpoints from small-scale bipoles: the footpoints with the p ...
... bipoles increases gradually. Finally, the footpoint that has the same polarity as the spot merges with it. From this we envisage that the increase in the area and magnetic flux of the sunspot during our time sequence is due to merging of footpoints from small-scale bipoles: the footpoints with the p ...
Links Between Pulsation and Line-Driven Mass Loss in Massive Stars
... These may stem from large-scale surface structure that induces spiral wind variation analogous to solar Corotating Interaction Regions. ...
... These may stem from large-scale surface structure that induces spiral wind variation analogous to solar Corotating Interaction Regions. ...
Infrared Solar Physics - National Optical Astronomy Observatory
... 1994) simply defines the infrared spectrum as three decades of wavelength, from a wavelength of 1000 nm to a wavelength of 1 mm. On the short wavelength side, this definition roughly agrees with a detector-based definition. Silicon detectors are sensitive to visible wavelengths, and drop to very lit ...
... 1994) simply defines the infrared spectrum as three decades of wavelength, from a wavelength of 1000 nm to a wavelength of 1 mm. On the short wavelength side, this definition roughly agrees with a detector-based definition. Silicon detectors are sensitive to visible wavelengths, and drop to very lit ...
The activity of the 2004 Geminid meteor shower from
... bin width of 0.◦ 04 was set. This width corresponds to 56 min near the Geminid maximum night. During the Geminid maximum, up to 2600 Geminids go into one population index. The time series of r for the 2004 Geminid meteor shower is shown in Fig. 1. Large values of r correspond to large fractions of f ...
... bin width of 0.◦ 04 was set. This width corresponds to 56 min near the Geminid maximum night. During the Geminid maximum, up to 2600 Geminids go into one population index. The time series of r for the 2004 Geminid meteor shower is shown in Fig. 1. Large values of r correspond to large fractions of f ...
01.1PART I_Ch1.fm - The Thunderbolts Project
... solids, liquids, or gases, it has been called "the fundamental state of matter." It can self-organize into cells of differing electrical characteristics. Electric currents in plasma form filaments that attract each other at long distances and repel each other at short distances. These filaments tend ...
... solids, liquids, or gases, it has been called "the fundamental state of matter." It can self-organize into cells of differing electrical characteristics. Electric currents in plasma form filaments that attract each other at long distances and repel each other at short distances. These filaments tend ...
A Rigid-Field Hydrodynamics approach to modelling the
... rigid, we develop hydrodynamical equations describing the one-dimensional flow along each, subject to pressure, radiative, gravitational and centrifugal forces. We solve these equations numerically for a large ensemble of field lines to build up a three-dimensional time-dependent simulation of a mod ...
... rigid, we develop hydrodynamical equations describing the one-dimensional flow along each, subject to pressure, radiative, gravitational and centrifugal forces. We solve these equations numerically for a large ensemble of field lines to build up a three-dimensional time-dependent simulation of a mod ...
The following descriptions are based on ancient Sumerian
... Called “winds”, these “four sides” were thrust into a fast orbit around Nibiru, “swirling like a whirlwind”. At the same time, Uranus may have taken a massive “hit”, flipping its axis of rotation on its side, while one of its moons, Miranda, may still show the scars of the encounter. In addition, so ...
... Called “winds”, these “four sides” were thrust into a fast orbit around Nibiru, “swirling like a whirlwind”. At the same time, Uranus may have taken a massive “hit”, flipping its axis of rotation on its side, while one of its moons, Miranda, may still show the scars of the encounter. In addition, so ...
Eclipse Box Activity Guide - Girl Scouts of Northern California
... Astronomers understand the universe by observing it in many types of light. Infrared light is important in understanding planets, stars, and galaxies because in IR light we can see things that are warm, but not hot enough to shine like stars. Most IR light is filtered out by water vapor in our atmos ...
... Astronomers understand the universe by observing it in many types of light. Infrared light is important in understanding planets, stars, and galaxies because in IR light we can see things that are warm, but not hot enough to shine like stars. Most IR light is filtered out by water vapor in our atmos ...
Cosmological Implications of Trace
... needed for the solar wind to have equal escaping fluxes of protons and electrons for a given windsource temperature. Figure 2 shows the corresponding predicted proton escape velocities for a thermal M-B and κ-distribution windsource near the base of the corona with ‘conventional’ (Meyer-Vernet [2007 ...
... needed for the solar wind to have equal escaping fluxes of protons and electrons for a given windsource temperature. Figure 2 shows the corresponding predicted proton escape velocities for a thermal M-B and κ-distribution windsource near the base of the corona with ‘conventional’ (Meyer-Vernet [2007 ...
On some properties of coronal mass ejections in solar cycle 23
... During solar minimum, one CME occurs every other day. The rate goes up to several per day during solar maximum. On one day during solar maximum, 13 CMEs were recorded by SOHO; there were several days with more than 10 CMEs (Gopalswamy et al. 20003a). The daily CME rate averaged over Carrington Rotat ...
... During solar minimum, one CME occurs every other day. The rate goes up to several per day during solar maximum. On one day during solar maximum, 13 CMEs were recorded by SOHO; there were several days with more than 10 CMEs (Gopalswamy et al. 20003a). The daily CME rate averaged over Carrington Rotat ...
What makes a planet habitable? - INAF
... After life has originated, depending on the evolution of the planetary environment, it may evolve to form complex multi-cellular life forms or it may remain as microbial life which may adapt to extreme environmental planetary conditions. Under such considerations planets with eccentric orbits near o ...
... After life has originated, depending on the evolution of the planetary environment, it may evolve to form complex multi-cellular life forms or it may remain as microbial life which may adapt to extreme environmental planetary conditions. Under such considerations planets with eccentric orbits near o ...
The Kuiper Belt: What We Know and What We Don`t - UCLA
... picking appropriate parameters for their model, some have argued that the irregular satellites of the planets (e.g. Figure 2) might have been captured from the Kuiper belt (Nesvorny et al. 2007). Recent modifications give Jupiter a much more complicated migration path (inward to the Sun then outward ...
... picking appropriate parameters for their model, some have argued that the irregular satellites of the planets (e.g. Figure 2) might have been captured from the Kuiper belt (Nesvorny et al. 2007). Recent modifications give Jupiter a much more complicated migration path (inward to the Sun then outward ...
end-of-summer report
... Over a century ago, Heinrich Schwabe observed sunspots for 17 years and proposed a 10-year sunspot cycle (Schwabe 1843). This work led George Hale to discern that the solar magnetic field flips on average every 11 years. He recognized more spectral transition lines than initially expected while anal ...
... Over a century ago, Heinrich Schwabe observed sunspots for 17 years and proposed a 10-year sunspot cycle (Schwabe 1843). This work led George Hale to discern that the solar magnetic field flips on average every 11 years. He recognized more spectral transition lines than initially expected while anal ...
The Sun as an X-Ray Star. III. Flares
... evolving events, we will also focus on their possible contribution to make up the emission of very active coronae. In this respect, evidence has been collected from multiline XUV observations that the emission measure of some active stellar coronae has two peaks, one at a few 106 K and the other at ...
... evolving events, we will also focus on their possible contribution to make up the emission of very active coronae. In this respect, evidence has been collected from multiline XUV observations that the emission measure of some active stellar coronae has two peaks, one at a few 106 K and the other at ...
Invited speakers
... method, no extrasolar planet has yet been seen directly by its emitted or reflected light. Detections by spectroscopic techniques have so far been unsuccessful while photometric detection requires accuracies which are beyond current ground-based photometry. However, we believe that planets orbiting ...
... method, no extrasolar planet has yet been seen directly by its emitted or reflected light. Detections by spectroscopic techniques have so far been unsuccessful while photometric detection requires accuracies which are beyond current ground-based photometry. However, we believe that planets orbiting ...
Estimation of the Sun`s rotation through the tracking of Sunspots
... Helioseismology is the study of the Suns interior through wave oscillation. As we are unable to see into the Sun, these waves are the only way we can model the interior. It is a relatively new with many advances being made in the last few decades, and more being made with new and better technology. ...
... Helioseismology is the study of the Suns interior through wave oscillation. As we are unable to see into the Sun, these waves are the only way we can model the interior. It is a relatively new with many advances being made in the last few decades, and more being made with new and better technology. ...
Thermal Convection, Magnetic Field, and Differential Rotation in
... rt /R⊙ = 0.693 ± 0.003 at the equator which is below the base of the convection zone and rt /R⊙ = 0.717 ± 0.003 at the pole which is slightly above the base. Although the thickness of the tachocline is still controversial, Charbonneau et al. (1999) show that the thickness is from ∆t = 0.016R⊙ at the ...
... rt /R⊙ = 0.693 ± 0.003 at the equator which is below the base of the convection zone and rt /R⊙ = 0.717 ± 0.003 at the pole which is slightly above the base. Although the thickness of the tachocline is still controversial, Charbonneau et al. (1999) show that the thickness is from ∆t = 0.016R⊙ at the ...
Neutrino Physics and Astrophysics with SuperKamiokande Jordan A
... “It is therefore absolutely impossible to observe processes of this kind with neutrinos created in nuclear transformations” “… one can conclude that there is no practically possible way of observing the neutrino.” ...
... “It is therefore absolutely impossible to observe processes of this kind with neutrinos created in nuclear transformations” “… one can conclude that there is no practically possible way of observing the neutrino.” ...
Solar System Constraints on the Dvali-Gabadadze
... modification to GR does not naturally lend itself to a PPN description. The “forward modelling” approach, to look for the (necessarily small) corrections to GR dynamics in the solar system in the form of perihelion precessions, provides a convenient tie point between observation and a broad class of ...
... modification to GR does not naturally lend itself to a PPN description. The “forward modelling” approach, to look for the (necessarily small) corrections to GR dynamics in the solar system in the form of perihelion precessions, provides a convenient tie point between observation and a broad class of ...
The Absolute Chronology and Thermal Processing of Solids in the
... oldest chondrule age overlaps with our estimate of CAI formation and thus requires that aggregation of the chondrule precursor material and its thermal processing occurred within the uncertainty of its Pb-Pb age. Moreover, the age of the oldest chondrule indicates that it was not heated to temperatu ...
... oldest chondrule age overlaps with our estimate of CAI formation and thus requires that aggregation of the chondrule precursor material and its thermal processing occurred within the uncertainty of its Pb-Pb age. Moreover, the age of the oldest chondrule indicates that it was not heated to temperatu ...
Solar flux variation of the electron temperature morning
... which increases Te. As the ion density builds up after sunrise, Te decreases to daytime values that are reached at about 09 LT. The neutral density and the electron‐neutral cooling rate also build up after sunrise but it has a smaller effect on the electron temperature than the plasma density. The h ...
... which increases Te. As the ion density builds up after sunrise, Te decreases to daytime values that are reached at about 09 LT. The neutral density and the electron‐neutral cooling rate also build up after sunrise but it has a smaller effect on the electron temperature than the plasma density. The h ...
Significance of the Kuiper Belt
... picking appropriate parameters for their model, some have argued that the irregular satellites of the planets (e.g. Figure 2) might have been captured from the Kuiper belt (Nesvorny et al. 2007). A recent modification, known as the “Grand Tack” model, gives Jupiter a much more complicated migration ...
... picking appropriate parameters for their model, some have argued that the irregular satellites of the planets (e.g. Figure 2) might have been captured from the Kuiper belt (Nesvorny et al. 2007). A recent modification, known as the “Grand Tack” model, gives Jupiter a much more complicated migration ...
Oxygen isotopes in circumstellar Al_2O_3 grains from meteorites
... orders of magnitude below those where grain formation is considered possible. However, shortly before becoming carbon stars, low-mass AGB stars may become Mira variables, which have observed mass loss rates of up to 10- 6 M 0 yr- 1 and infrared excesses indicating grain formation (Willems & de Jong ...
... orders of magnitude below those where grain formation is considered possible. However, shortly before becoming carbon stars, low-mass AGB stars may become Mira variables, which have observed mass loss rates of up to 10- 6 M 0 yr- 1 and infrared excesses indicating grain formation (Willems & de Jong ...
Numerical models of sunspot formation and fine structure
... as small as a few 10 km. As a consequence, magneto-convection in strong magnetic fields was addressed initially mainly through idealized MHD simulations neglecting effects from partial ionization and radiative transfer. ‘Realistic’ MHD simulations considering those effects were initially applied to s ...
... as small as a few 10 km. As a consequence, magneto-convection in strong magnetic fields was addressed initially mainly through idealized MHD simulations neglecting effects from partial ionization and radiative transfer. ‘Realistic’ MHD simulations considering those effects were initially applied to s ...
Probability of Solar Flares Turn Out to Form a Coronal Mass
... of solar flares and CMEs variations from the corona magnetic region is the most active manifestation of solar activity and one of the main solar activities is of scientific interest because it reveals the furthering knowledge of the Sun. Interestingly, among different types of observation, the groun ...
... of solar flares and CMEs variations from the corona magnetic region is the most active manifestation of solar activity and one of the main solar activities is of scientific interest because it reveals the furthering knowledge of the Sun. Interestingly, among different types of observation, the groun ...
Solar wind
The solar wind is a stream of charged particles released from the upper atmosphere of the Sun. This plasma consists of mostly electrons, protons and alpha particles with energies usually between 1.5 and 10 keV; embedded in the solar-wind plasma is the interplanetary magnetic field. The solar wind varies in density, temperature and speed over time and over solar longitude. Its particles can escape the Sun's gravity because of their high energy, from the high temperature of the corona and magnetic, electrical and electromagnetic phenomena in it.The solar wind flows outward supersonically to great distances, filling a region known as the heliosphere, an enormous bubble-like volume surrounded by the interstellar medium. Other related phenomena include the aurora (northern and southern lights), the plasma tails of comets that always point away from the Sun, and geomagnetic storms that can change the direction of magnetic field lines and create strong currents in power grids on Earth.