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Effects of Nonequilibrium Atmospheric Pressure Plasmas on the
Effects of Nonequilibrium Atmospheric Pressure Plasmas on the

... are being considered as a potential means for the sterilization of reusable medical tools and for the decontamination of biological and chemical warfare agents.4,5 The ability to generate nonthermal plasma discharges at pressures at or near 1 atm makes the decontamination process practical and inexp ...
Gene Section ALOX15 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics
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... Nixon JB, Kim KS, Lamb PW, Bottone FG, Eling TE. 15Lipoxygenase-1 has anti-tumorigenic effects in colorectal cancer. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2004;70:715. Yoshinaga M, Buchanan FG, DuBois RN. 15-LOX-1 inhibits p21 (Cip/WAF 1) expression by enhancing MEK-ERK 1/2 signaling in colon car ...
Oxidation – a molecule loses electrons
Oxidation – a molecule loses electrons

... a. All of the NADH and FADH2 molecules created in glycolysis and the Citric Acid Cycle become oxidized (lose their e-, therefore recycled back to NAD+ and FAD) to the proteins in the inner membrane of the mitochondria. While the electrons are passed from protein to protein, energy is released that i ...
Negative Controls of Cell Proliferation: Human
Negative Controls of Cell Proliferation: Human

... based on the premise that cells are constitutively poised to proliferate and will do so when all inhibitory signals are can celled or no longer recognized (3). The most frequently explored hypotheses have been those dealing with the positive options (direct and indirect) (1, 2, 4-6). Alternatively, ...
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... Ion channels and receptors - voltage-gated ion channels are membrane-bound proteins activated by change in transmembrane voltage - they are multi-subunit complexes with circular arrangement of identical or different proteins forming a pore region - it conducts specific species of ions such as Na+, ...
Protein Kinase A Regulatory Subunit Interacts with P
Protein Kinase A Regulatory Subunit Interacts with P

... whether TcPKAc would interact with these P-type ATPases in the yeast two-hybrid system and found that they could not interact in this system (data not shown). This indicates that interactions of TcPKAr and these P-type ATPases are specific. One of the candidates turned out to be a Na+-ATPase mediati ...
The unfolded protein response: an intracellular
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... proteoglycans – are important components of cell membranes, cell walls and extracellular structures in plants, animals, and bacteria • In addition to the structural roles that glycoconjugates play, investigations of biological processes such as signaltransduction, cell-cell interactions and endocyto ...
Basic Structure and Function of Neurons
Basic Structure and Function of Neurons

... (4) Renshaw Cells and Recurrent Inhibition Motoneurons give off collateral branches on their way to a ventral root .They form excitatory synaptic contacts with interneurons located in the ventromedial region of the ventral horn . The axons of these Renshaw cells establish inhibitory synaptic contac ...
Organic Molecules and Water 1. In most animal cells, a complex
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Fumonisins: fungal toxins that shed light on

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The Bacterial Cytoskeleton

... In 1991, a landmark study revealed that the FtsZ protein localises to the nascent division site prior to septum formation in the model organism Escherichia coli, where it forms a ring-like structure termed the Z ring (5). The Z ring was found to extend around the circumference of the rod-shaped cell ...
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Identification of the P2Y12 Receptor in Nucleotide Inhibition of

... which multiple P2 receptors may be activated, stimulation of P1 adenosine receptors after breakdown of purines by ectonucleotidases, and the limited availability of P2 receptor subtype-selective agonists and antagonists. Adrenal chromaffin cells are embryonically derived from precursors of sympathet ...
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Dynamin and the Actin Cytoskeleton Cooperatively Regulate

... Cell membranes undergo continuous curvature changes as a result of membrane trafficking and cell motility. Deformations are achieved both by forces extrinsic to the membrane as well as by structural modifications in the bilayer or at the bilayer surface that favor the acquisition of curvature. We re ...
organelle in bacillus subtilis
organelle in bacillus subtilis

... In cross-section (Fig. 7) the vesicles have essentially the same shape as in longitudinal section (Figs. 8, 13, 14). Although the aggregates of vesicles are most commonly found in the cell center, i.e. in the nuclear area, they can extend well beyond this into the cytoplasm. An example of the first ...
The perichromatin region of the plant cell nucleus is the area with
The perichromatin region of the plant cell nucleus is the area with

... onion. The total area of the speckles labelled with the 3C5 antibody was 17 % larger than the area labelled with the 780-3 antibody (Fig. 1e). Projections of confocal sections after 3C5 immunolabelling showed few speckles in the nucleus of meristematic cells (Supplemental data Fig. S1e). The area of ...
The Heart as a Pump
The Heart as a Pump

... cytoplasm condenses and nuclear chromatin marginates into a number of discrete masses. •nucleus fragments, cytoplasm contracts and mitochondria and ribosomes become densely compacted. •dilation of the endoplasmic reticulum and its fusion with the plasma membrane, the cell breaks up into several memb ...
BIO 100 S. Badran
BIO 100 S. Badran

... • Is the minimal requirement for the formation of a cell • Was the first cell part to form during cellular evolution ...
The Plant Secretory Pathway: An Essential
The Plant Secretory Pathway: An Essential

... and directionality of each traffic route. Among these, soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNAREs) are essential proteins for endomembrane ...
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Integration of Metabolism: Glucose Synthesis

... • Metabolism of glucose to CO2 increases ATP/AMP ratio (cell’s energy charge). • ATP-sensitive K+ channel closes, which alters membrane potential. • This causes a Ca2+ ion channel to open (secondary messenger), which in turn causes cell to secrete insulin into blood. ...
Is It Made of Cells?
Is It Made of Cells?

... Now that you know all of the parts that make up a general cell, it’s time to look at specialized cells. Using what you know about what each part of the cell is responsible for, design a cell that is well-adapted to perform the task written on the back of this page. • Think carefully about all the st ...
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Signal transduction



Signal transduction occurs when an extracellular signaling molecule activates a specific receptor located on the cell surface or inside the cell. In turn, this receptor triggers a biochemical chain of events inside the cell, creating a response. Depending on the cell, the response alters the cell's metabolism, shape, gene expression, or ability to divide. The signal can be amplified at any step. Thus, one signaling molecule can cause many responses.
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