Thermocouple and Viscosity
... and basic process of calibrating an instrument. Specifically, to realize the purposes of calibration, why an instrument should be calibrated before use. ...
... and basic process of calibrating an instrument. Specifically, to realize the purposes of calibration, why an instrument should be calibrated before use. ...
Ch2
... A sunspot is a region on the Sun's surface (photosphere) that is marked by a lower temperature than its surroundings and has intense magnetic activity, which inhibits convection, forming areas of reduced surface temperature. They can be visible from Earth without the aid of a telescope. Although the ...
... A sunspot is a region on the Sun's surface (photosphere) that is marked by a lower temperature than its surroundings and has intense magnetic activity, which inhibits convection, forming areas of reduced surface temperature. They can be visible from Earth without the aid of a telescope. Although the ...
Chap-4
... The Second Law is concerned with the maximum fraction of heat that can be converted into useful work. The second law may be stated in several different ways, such as : a) Thermal energy will not spontaneously flow from a colder to a warmer object. (What is thermal energy?) b) The entropy (defined be ...
... The Second Law is concerned with the maximum fraction of heat that can be converted into useful work. The second law may be stated in several different ways, such as : a) Thermal energy will not spontaneously flow from a colder to a warmer object. (What is thermal energy?) b) The entropy (defined be ...
Thermodynamics
... 1. determined by surroundings: − volume − electric or magnetic fields 2. determined by internal interactions: − pressure, density, temperature − internal energy, polarization, magnetization There is a minimal ensemble of parameters that uniquely specify the state, and all other parameters can be der ...
... 1. determined by surroundings: − volume − electric or magnetic fields 2. determined by internal interactions: − pressure, density, temperature − internal energy, polarization, magnetization There is a minimal ensemble of parameters that uniquely specify the state, and all other parameters can be der ...
chapter2_GP_Old
... A sunspot is a region on the Sun's surface (photosphere) that is marked by a lower temperature than its surroundings and has intense magnetic activity, which inhibits convection, forming areas of reduced surface temperature. They can be visible from Earth without the aid of a telescope. Although the ...
... A sunspot is a region on the Sun's surface (photosphere) that is marked by a lower temperature than its surroundings and has intense magnetic activity, which inhibits convection, forming areas of reduced surface temperature. They can be visible from Earth without the aid of a telescope. Although the ...
Black-body radiation
Black-body radiation is the type of electromagnetic radiation within or surrounding a body in thermodynamic equilibrium with its environment, or emitted by a black body (an opaque and non-reflective body) held at constant, uniform temperature. The radiation has a specific spectrum and intensity that depends only on the temperature of the body.The thermal radiation spontaneously emitted by many ordinary objects can be approximated as blackbody radiation. A perfectly insulated enclosure that is in thermal equilibrium internally contains black-body radiation and will emit it through a hole made in its wall, provided the hole is small enough to have negligible effect upon the equilibrium.A black-body at room temperature appears black, as most of the energy it radiates is infra-red and cannot be perceived by the human eye. Because the human eye cannot perceive color at very low light intensities, a black body, viewed in the dark at the lowest just faintly visible temperature, subjectively appears grey (but only because the human eye is sensitive only to black and white at very low intensities - in reality, the frequency of the light in the visible range would still be red, although the intensity would be too low to discern as red), even though its objective physical spectrum peaks in the infrared range. When it becomes a little hotter, it appears dull red. As its temperature increases further it eventually becomes blindingly brilliant blue-white.Although planets and stars are neither in thermal equilibrium with their surroundings nor perfect black bodies, black-body radiation is used as a first approximation for the energy they emit.Black holes are near-perfect black bodies, in the sense that they absorb all the radiation that falls on them. It has been proposed that they emit black-body radiation (called Hawking radiation), with a temperature that depends on the mass of the black hole.The term black body was introduced by Gustav Kirchhoff in 1860. When used as a compound adjective, the term is typically written as hyphenated, for example, black-body radiation, but sometimes also as one word, as in blackbody radiation. Black-body radiation is also called complete radiation or temperature radiation or thermal radiation.