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Semester 2
Semester 2

... Name the process when an mRNA is made. A: What is transcription? ...
Protists Coloring
Protists Coloring

... autotrophic though, euglena can also absorb food from their environment. Euglena usually live in quiet ponds or puddles. Euglena move by a flagellum (plural ‚ flagella), which is a long whip-like structure that acts like a little motor. The flagellum is located on the anterior (front) end, and rotat ...
Asexual Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction

... little chance of finding a mate. No dazzling smile, no fancy hair products, no shiny car, and—if we are brutally honest—not even a brain. With all of these limitations, it may seem that our bacteria friends would be destined to die out. And yet, bacteria are found in abundance and live just about ev ...
The Bacterial Cytoskeleton
The Bacterial Cytoskeleton

Bio1A - Lec 6 slides File
Bio1A - Lec 6 slides File

... • built as a twisted double chain of actin subunits • structural role - to bear tension, resisting pulling forces within the cell ...
SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION Journal of Cell Science
SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION Journal of Cell Science

CHAPTER 10: NERVOUS SYSTEM I OBJECTIVES 1. Name the two
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... The RMP of a nerve cell is measured to be -70 mV or millivolts (inside / outside). It is established by different concentrations of ions in/out, with high K+ in, high Na+, Cl-, Ca++, out; high negatively charged proteins (A-) in. The RMP is maintained by the Na+K+ATPase pump (active transport). ...
Electron Microscope Observations of Brucella abortus
Electron Microscope Observations of Brucella abortus

... accompanied by continuous synthesis of the enclosing vacuole’s membrane. This is likely because the synthesis of membrane appears to be a fairly common reaction of cells to a variety of external and internal stimuli. An increased rate of production of the membrane is also suggested by the membranous ...
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... Cell membranes, as well as the cell cytoplasm and even the cell nucleus, contain cell-specific receptors for various ligands, which are involved in outside-inside signaling, i.e. signal transduction. Ligands include hormones, growth factors, cytokines, prostaglandins and proteases. Hormones are invo ...
A: Ca 2+
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... Cell membranes, as well as the cell cytoplasm and even the cell nucleus, contain cell-specific receptors for various ligands, which are involved in outside-inside signaling, i.e. signal transduction. Ligands include hormones, growth factors, cytokines, prostaglandins and proteases. Hormones are invo ...
Evolvement of LEM proteins as chromatin tethers at the nuclear
Evolvement of LEM proteins as chromatin tethers at the nuclear

cell communication powerpoint
cell communication powerpoint

... • In many pathways, the signal is transmitted by a cascade of protein phosphorylations • Protein kinases transfer phosphates from ATP to protein (phosphorylation) – Phosphate groups are negatively charged = causes a slight change in protein shape as R-groups interact with the phosphate group. – Chan ...
cell division
cell division

... Interphase (about 90% of the cell cycle) can be divided into subphases ...
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Lipid II: A central component in bacterial cell wall synthesis and a

The Clinical Aspects of Enzyme Deficiencies in Haematology
The Clinical Aspects of Enzyme Deficiencies in Haematology

... • During maturation, RCs lose their nucleus, organelles and mitochondria • Require cellular metabolic pathways to ensure red cell membrane and haemoglobin integrity • Require ATP to drive K/Na pump essential for membrane integrity • Require NADH to protect from oxidative stress • Require 2,3 bisphop ...
Endomembrane proton pumps: connecting membrane and vesicle
Endomembrane proton pumps: connecting membrane and vesicle

... enables secondary active transport. In addition to the V-ATPase, plants possess a second endomembrane proton pump, the vacuolar H+-pyrophosphatase (V-PPase). V-ATPase and V-PPase represent up to 30% of total tonoplast protein, and it is therefore not surprising that to date their best-studied functi ...
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Chapter 5 Practice
Chapter 5 Practice

... 28. Refer to the illustration above. Cells often trap extracellular particles and fluid. This is shown in figure ____________________. 29. The process in which an amoeba engulfs its prey and takes it in is known as ____________________. Problem 30. Organisms in the genus Paramecium are unicellular p ...
NAME OF GAME
NAME OF GAME

... Both snakes and worms are tube-shaped with no legs. How could you determine if their similarity in shape means that they share a recent common ancestor? Examine internal structures to see if similar; Compare DNA to look for similarities ...
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... • Clays are made of flat, tightly bound layers, loosely bound to other layers • Each layer has unbonded ions, hence lots of attractive charges ...
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... inhibition of cellulose synthesis or microtubule polymerisation [8]. Hemicelluloses and pectins are synthesised in the Golgi apparatus and transported in vesicles to the cell surface. Upon secretion into the apoplast, hemicelluloses bind tightly to cellulose and are thought to link the microfibrils ...
Chapter 3: Movement Of Substances Across the Substances
Chapter 3: Movement Of Substances Across the Substances

... The plasma membrane is semi-permeable and allows certain substances to move across. Based on the above statement, describe how an amino acid molecule is transported across the plasma membrane into the cell. P1-Amino acid is a large water soluble molecule P2-It requires carrier protein to move across ...
Chapter 12 Lecture notes
Chapter 12 Lecture notes

... The continuity of life is based on the reproduction of cells, or cell division. ○ Cell division functions in reproduction, growth, and repair. ○ The division of a prokaryotic cell or unicellular eukaryote reproduces an entire organism, thereby increasing the population. Cell division enables a multi ...
The Cell, 5e
The Cell, 5e

... Cell biology is a scientific discipline that studies cells – their physiological properties, their structure, the organelles they contain, interactions with their environment, their life cycle, division and death. This is done both on a microscopic and molecular level. The number of applications of ...
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Endomembrane system

The endomembrane system is composed of the different membranes that are suspended in the cytoplasm within a eukaryotic cell. These membranes divide the cell into functional and structural compartments, or organelles. In eukaryotes the organelles of the endomembrane system include: the nuclear membrane, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, endosomes and the cell membrane. The system is defined more accurately as the set of membranes that form a single functional and developmental unit, either being connected directly, or exchanging material through vesicle transport. Importantly, the endomembrane system does not include the membranes of mitochondria or chloroplasts.The nuclear membrane contains two lipid bilayers that encompass the contents of the nucleus. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a synthesis and transport organelle that branches into the cytoplasm in plant and animal cells. The Golgi apparatus is a series of multiple compartments where molecules are packaged for delivery to other cell components or for secretion from the cell. Vacuoles, which are found in both plant and animal cells (though much bigger in plant cells), are responsible for maintaining the shape and structure of the cell as well as storing waste products. A vesicle is a relatively small, membrane-enclosed sac that stores or transports substances. The cell membrane, is a protective barrier that regulates what enters and leaves the cell. There is also an organelle known as the Spitzenkörper that is only found in fungi, and is connected with hyphal tip growth.In prokaryotes endomembranes are rare, although in many photosynthetic bacteria the plasma membrane is highly folded and most of the cell cytoplasm is filled with layers of light-gathering membrane. These light-gathering membranes may even form enclosed structures called chlorosomes in green sulfur bacteria.The organelles of the endomembrane system are related through direct contact or by the transfer of membrane segments as vesicles. Despite these relationships, the various membranes are not identical in structure and function. The thickness, molecular composition, and metabolic behavior of a membrane are not fixed, they may be modified several times during the membrane's life. One unifying characteristic the membranes share is a lipid bilayer, with proteins attached to either side or traversing them.
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