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Worms
Worms

... Earthworms tunnel for a living.  During rainy days they come up out of the ground to get leaves and other decaying matter that they will bring under ground and eat.  Earthworms obtain oxygen through moisture on its skin.  Earthworms help the soil in which plants grow. They burrow tunnels which al ...
Clostridium sordellii Lethal-Toxin Autoprocessing and
Clostridium sordellii Lethal-Toxin Autoprocessing and

... and gastrointestinal infections in livestock. One of the principle virulence factors is TcsL, a large protein toxin which glucosylates host GTPases to cause cytopathic and cytotoxic effects. TcsL has two enzymatic domains, an N-terminal glucosyltransferase domain (GTD) and an autoprocessing domain r ...
Human Corneal Endothelial Cells Expanded In Vitro Are a Powerful
Human Corneal Endothelial Cells Expanded In Vitro Are a Powerful

... Obstacle for in Vitro Growth of HCECs Contact-inhibition is present in non-transformed normal cells when neighboring cells are in contact with one another. This fact causes low regenerative capability of in vivo human corneal endothelial cells. The conventional approach to grow HCECs in vitro is to ...
Blood/ Blood Pressure
Blood/ Blood Pressure

... Arteries and Veins • Arteries carry blood away from the heart. • Arteries are made of muscle and elastic tissue to allow the arteries to fill completely and resist increases in pressure from each ventricle contractions. • During rest the elastic and muscle walls of arteries can contract to ...
Receptors and immune sensors: the complex entry path of human
Receptors and immune sensors: the complex entry path of human

... thousands of transcripts is altered, and most of these changes do not require viral gene expression [12– 14]. These data are consistent with the interpretation that HCMV is engaging cellular receptor(s) that activate signal transduction pathways culminating in the reprogramming of cellular transcrip ...
Breast Carcinogenesis—Can the Examination of Ductal Fluid
Breast Carcinogenesis—Can the Examination of Ductal Fluid

... normal cell growth patterns to malignancy has been difficult because of the populations on whom most research has been performed. These populations typically include patients with advanced or metastatic disease. These studies may be limited in their usefulness because events surrounding carcinogenesi ...
The DNA helicase ChlR1 is required for sister chromatid cohesion in
The DNA helicase ChlR1 is required for sister chromatid cohesion in

... (Brands and Skibbens, 2005). It is also shown that Ctf7p/Eco1p physically interacts with all three replication factor C (RFC) complexes, providing evidence that cohesion establishment is intimately linked to DNA replication (Kenna and Skibbens, 2003). Interestingly, deletion of both CTF8, a componen ...
Fetal Pig Anatomy
Fetal Pig Anatomy

... clade of ungulates, the "ruminants" (camels, giraffes, deer, sheep, cattle) use "foregut fermentation". Ruminants have a multi-chambered stomach in which cellulose breakdown takes place. This breakdown is aided by their ability to regurgitate the contents of their fermentation chamber back into thei ...
A Mechanism Linking Extra Centrosomes to Chromosomal Instability
A Mechanism Linking Extra Centrosomes to Chromosomal Instability

... Interestingly, both tetraploid BJ and RPE-1 cells spontaneously lost their extra centrosomes after passage in culture (Fig. 3a and data not shown). We therefore used sequential FACS sorting to isolate pure populations of tetraploid cells with a normal complement of centrosomes. Fluorescence in situ ...
CHAP4-1 - waynewolf.us
CHAP4-1 - waynewolf.us

... Placement of cells determines placement of pins.  Pin placement determines difficulty of routing problem.  Density: lower bound on number of horizontal tracks needed to route the channel. ...
Online Counseling Resource YCMOU ELearning Drive…
Online Counseling Resource YCMOU ELearning Drive…

... foldings of the cell membrane. Although also found in gram negative bacteria, they are more frequently observed in gram positive bacteria.  A flagellum is a tail-like structure that projects from the cell body of certain prokaryotic cells, functions in locomotion. ...
the animal body: introduction tostructure and function
the animal body: introduction tostructure and function

... Muscle cells are called fibers. Muscle fibers are huge cells ranging between 10 and 100 μm (10-6 m), up to 10x that of an average body cell; their length could reach 30 cm (12 inches). Muscle fibers are multinucleate. Muscle fibers originate from the fusion of hundreds of embryonic cells. Actin is a ...
Muscle Tissue
Muscle Tissue

... discs, which separate individual cells. Properties of cardiac muscle are slightly different. They include excitability, conductivity, contractility and rhythmicity. ...
Arabidopsis Formin AtFH6 Is a Plasma Membrane
Arabidopsis Formin AtFH6 Is a Plasma Membrane

... are metabolically active, as shown by the presence of cell wall ingrowths adjacent to vascular tissue, breakdown of the large vacuole, and the dense granular cytoplasm with many organelles (Jones, 1981). Typical root-knots or galls are the primary visible symptom of infection and develop by hyperpla ...
Mitochondria
Mitochondria

... • Almost all eukaryotic cells have mitochondria. • There may be one very large mitochondrion or hundreds to thousands in individual mitochondria. • The number of mitochondria is correlated with aerobic metabolic activity. • A typical mitochondrion is 1-10 microns long. • Mitochondria are quite dyna ...
Full text in pdf format
Full text in pdf format

... cells, apparently lysed and showing some light cytoplasmic areas at the periphery of the host cells (Fig. 2). In some serial ultrathin sections it was possible to count thousands of RSS per cell, and hundreds on the same section, presenting well arranged layers (Figs. 2 & 3). The RSS show homogeneou ...
Fetal Pig Anatomy
Fetal Pig Anatomy

... cattle) use "foregut fermentation". Ruminants have a multi-chambered stomach in which cellulose breakdown takes place. This breakdown is aided by their ability to regurgitate the contents of their fermentation chamber back into their mouth for further mechanical breakdown (i.e., chewing cud). In hum ...
4 cell – structure and function
4 cell – structure and function

... (i) The plasma membrane encloses the cell contents. (ii) It provides cell shape (in animal cells) e.g. the characteristic shape of red blood cells, nerve cells, bone cells, etc (iii) It allows transport of certain substances into and out of the cell but not all substance, so it is termed selectively ...
Title Regulation of Vascular Development by CLE Peptide
Title Regulation of Vascular Development by CLE Peptide

... response systems to adapt to their specific ecological niche. The vascular system, the long-distance transport system that links every part of the plant body, has also developed as a component of this adaptive system. In the vascular system, there are two conducting tissues, the phloem and xylem. Th ...
Impact of the cell lifecycle on bacteriophage T4 infection
Impact of the cell lifecycle on bacteriophage T4 infection

... Samples of synchronized cultures were removed periodically from a SCF cycle corresponding to different points in the cell life cycle (Sauvageau et al., 2010), and infected with bacteriophage to determine cell burst size and lysis time. Plotting these data against the average cell age of the culture ...
Nur 4206 Management of patients with renal/urinary disorders
Nur 4206 Management of patients with renal/urinary disorders

... Volume of fluid filtered from renal glomerular capillaries into Bowman’s capsule per unit of time Generally expressed in ml/minute Normal GFR generally is 125mL/minute ...
• The structure of the circulatory system • The make
• The structure of the circulatory system • The make

... cells are very _______________ , however there are ________________ of them within the human body. Their main job is to carry _________________ to the working muscles and cells within the body as well as transport __________________ to the lungs so it can be removed from the body. They contain a sub ...
Fetal Pig Anatomy Developed by Dr. Mark Stanback
Fetal Pig Anatomy Developed by Dr. Mark Stanback

... One clade of ungulates, the "ruminants" (camels, giraffes, deer, sheep, cattle) use "foregut fermentation". Ruminants have a multi-chambered stomach in which cellulose breakdown takes place. This breakdown is aided by their ability to regurgitate the contents of their fermentation chamber back into ...
circulatory and respiratory systems
circulatory and respiratory systems

... • What do veins rely on to maintain blood flow in one direction? • If you were to puncture an artery of a living human being, what do expect will happen? Why? Will the same thing occur if you puncture a vein? • Why don’t arteries need valves to keep blood circulating? • Why do you think that blood m ...
Molecular cloning, sequence analysis, and function of the intestinal
Molecular cloning, sequence analysis, and function of the intestinal

... finger oncogene), which has been indicated as an intestinal epithelial stem cell (IESC) marker in other mammals. This paper provides the first report of the function of Bmi1 in pig intestinal epithelial cells and a brief description of its underlying mechanism. Rapid amplification of cDNA ends techn ...
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Organ-on-a-chip

An organ-on-a-chip (OC) is a multi-channel 3-D microfluidic cell culture chip that simulates the activities, mechanics and physiological response of entire organs and organ systems. It constitutes the subject matter of significant biomedical engineering research, more precisely in bio-MEMS. The convergence of labs-on-chips (LOCs) and cell biology has permitted the study of human physiology in an organ-specific context, introducing a novel model of in vitro multicellular human organisms. One day, they will perhaps abolish the need for animals in drug development and toxin testing.Although multiple publications claim to have translated organ functions onto this interface, the movement towards this microfluidic application is still in its infancy. Organs-on-chips will vary in design and approach between different researchers. As such, validation and optimization of these systems will likely be a long process. Organs that have been simulated by microfluidic devices include the heart, the lung, kidney, artery, bone, cartilage, skin and more.Nevertheless, building valid artificial organs requires not only a precise cellular manipulation, but a detailed understanding of the human body’s fundamental intricate response to any event. A common concern with organs-on-chips lies in the isolation of organs during testing. ""If you don’t use as close to the total physiological system that you can, you’re likely to run into troubles"" says William Haseltine, founder of Rockville, Maryland. Microfabrication, microelectronics and microfluidics offer the prospect of modeling sophisticated in vitro physiological responses under accurately simulated conditions.
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