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Early Earth and The Origin of Life
Early Earth and The Origin of Life

... • Amino acids, other organic compounds can form spontaneously under conditions like those on early Earth • Clay may have served as template for complex compounds • Compounds may have formed near hydrothermal vents • Oparin hypothesized that energy from lightning could have caused organic molecules t ...
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Chapter 3 The Basic Structure of a Cell
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... Multicellular organisms are organisms that consist of more than one cell, in contrast to singlecelled organisms. To form a multicellular organism, these cells need to identify and attach to the other cells.Only a dozen or so unicellular species have cells that can be seen individually with the naked ...
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... Can you do the following?:  Identify the parts of the cell theory. (CSDE 10.1)  Understand how various microscopes have enabled scientists to view cellular structure. (D.INQ 6)  Identify the parts and functions of a compound light microscope. (D.INQ 6)  Use a compound light microscope to view sp ...
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... a variety of circumstances. Amoebas and many other protists eat by engulfing smaller organisms or other food particles, a process called phagocytosis. • The food vacuole formed in this way then fuses with a lysosome, whose enzymes digest the ...
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... diploid cells will undergo meiosis to produce gametes, with fertilization closely following meiosis.Plant life cycles have two sequential phases that are termed alternation of generations. The sporophyte phase is "diploid", and is that part of the life cycle in which meiosis occurs. However, many pl ...
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Amitosis

Amitosis (a- + mitosis) is absence of mitosis, the usual form of cell division in the cells of eukaryotes. There are several senses in which eukaryotic cells can be amitotic. One refers to capability for non-mitotic division and the other refers to lack of capability for division. In one sense of the word, which is now mostly obsolete, amitosis is cell division in eukaryotic cells that happens without the usual features of mitosis as seen on microscopy, namely, without nuclear envelope breakdown and without formation of mitotic spindle and condensed chromosomes as far as microscopy can detect. However, most examples of cell division formerly thought to belong to this supposedly ""non-mitotic"" class, such as the division of unicellular eukaryotes, are today recognized as belonging to a class of mitosis called closed mitosis. A spectrum of mitotic activity can be categorized as open, semi-closed, and closed mitosis, depending on the fate of the nuclear envelope. An exception is the division of ciliate macronucleus, which is not mitotic, and the reference to this process as amitosis may be the only legitimate use of the ""non-mitotic division"" sense of the term today. In animals and plants which normally have open mitosis, the microscopic picture described in the 19th century as amitosis most likely corresponded to apoptosis, a process of programmed cell death associated with fragmentation of the nucleus and cytoplasm. Relatedly, even in the late 19th century cytologists mentioned that in larger life forms, amitosis is a ""forerunner of degeneration"".Another sense of amitotic refers to cells of certain tissues that are usually no longer capable of mitosis once the organism has matured into adulthood. In humans this is true of various muscle and nerve tissue types; if the existing ones are damaged, they cannot be replaced with new ones of equal capability. For example, cardiac muscle destroyed by heart attack and nerves destroyed by piercing trauma usually cannot regenerate. In contrast, skin cells are capable of mitosis throughout adulthood; old skin cells that die and slough off are replaced with new ones. Human liver tissue also has a sort of dormant regenerative ability; it is usually not needed or expressed but can be elicited if needed.
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