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A convenient category for directed homotopy
A convenient category for directed homotopy

on the shape of torus-like continua and compact connected
on the shape of torus-like continua and compact connected

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... (i) If H 0 is a subgroup of H, show that the various group indices are related by the equation [G : H 0 ] = [G : H][H : H 0 ], understood to implicitly include the assertion that if any two of the three are finite then so is the third (in which case this equation holds). Solution: Suppose that the d ...
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Some facts from descriptive set theory concerning essential spectra

... semigroups exhibit a nice behavior. In particular, we establish that the infinitesimal generator of any strongly continuous group is necessarily bounded (which seems to be a feature of this class of spaces). 2. Preliminaries. In this section we will collect some notions and tools from functional ana ...
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Math 535 - General Topology Fall 2012 Homework 2 Solutions

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Topology (Part 1) - Department of Mathematics, University of Toronto

... 2) Let X = {a,b,c} and let every subset of X be designated as "open". 3) Take set R and designate a subset S as "open" if R\S (complement) is countable or if S = ∅. S1 , S2 .... R\ S1 ,R\ S2 countable R\ S1 U R\ S2 Let x be any set with subsets designated "open" satisfying 3 properties, x is a topol ...
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A natural localization of Hardy spaces in several complex variables

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MAT246Y1 : WEEK NINE - Department of Mathematics, University of

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Math 441 Summer 2009: Infinite Products (§19) Recall from last time

... Let f : R → Rω be the ”diagonal” map: f (x) = (x, x, x, ...). Relative to any ”good” topology, such a nice map should be continuous. But if we endow Rω with the box topology, this map is not continuous! Proof that f : R → (Rω , Tbox ) is not continuous: ...
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Poincare Duality

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Math 8211 Homework 1 PJW

... (1) Show that a functor F : G → H is ‘the same as’ a group homomorphism f : G → H when G and H are regarded as groups in the usual way. (2) Show that a functor F : G → G is naturally isomorphic to the identity functor 1G : G → G if and only if F is an isomorphism of categories of the form cg : G → G ...
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Introductory Analysis 1 The real numbers

... Theorem 10 Countable compactness and compactness are equivalent in a space with a countable base. Proof: The proof will not be given here; see K&F3 p96. In a general topological space X it is not necessarily the case that compact sets are closed. However, this is true if X is a Hausdorff space, whic ...
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IK-CAUCHY FUNCTIONS Keywords: ideal convergence, filter

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3. Stieltjes-Lebesgue Measure

... Definition 15 Let (Ω, T ) be a topological space. We say that A ⊆ Ω is an open set in Ω, if and only if it is an element of the topology T . We say that A ⊆ Ω is a closed set in Ω, if and only if its complement Ac is an open set in Ω. Definition 16 Let (Ω, T ) be a topological space. We define the B ...
Stratified fibre bundles
Stratified fibre bundles

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Covering space



In mathematics, more specifically algebraic topology, a covering map (also covering projection) is a continuous function p from a topological space, C, to a topological space, X, such that each point in X has an open neighbourhood evenly covered by p (as shown in the image); the precise definition is given below. In this case, C is called a covering space and X the base space of the covering projection. The definition implies that every covering map is a local homeomorphism.Covering spaces play an important role in homotopy theory, harmonic analysis, Riemannian geometry and differential topology. In Riemannian geometry for example, ramification is a generalization of the notion of covering maps. Covering spaces are also deeply intertwined with the study of homotopy groups and, in particular, the fundamental group. An important application comes from the result that, if X is a ""sufficiently good"" topological space, there is a bijection between the collection of all isomorphism classes of connected coverings of X and the conjugacy classes of subgroups of the fundamental group of X.
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