The quest for the size of the universe in early relativistic cosmology
... In 1917, as mentioned above, Einstein and de Sitter proposed two different cosmological solutions of relativistic field equations. Incidentally, it was in the same year that the Hooker 100-inch (2.5 m) telescope, the instrument which was used by Hubble during the following years for his capital cont ...
... In 1917, as mentioned above, Einstein and de Sitter proposed two different cosmological solutions of relativistic field equations. Incidentally, it was in the same year that the Hooker 100-inch (2.5 m) telescope, the instrument which was used by Hubble during the following years for his capital cont ...
21 cm observation of large-scale structures at z ~ 1
... equation of state. A novel approach, called intensity mapping, can be used to map the HI distribution, using radio interferometers with a large instantaneous field of view and waveband. Aims. We study the sensitivity of different radio interferometer configurations, or multi-beam instruments for obse ...
... equation of state. A novel approach, called intensity mapping, can be used to map the HI distribution, using radio interferometers with a large instantaneous field of view and waveband. Aims. We study the sensitivity of different radio interferometer configurations, or multi-beam instruments for obse ...
Galactic Evolution - Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
... today, the bulk of each galaxy likely emerged long ago in time, thus far away in space now, hence their formative stages are observationally elusive—it’s hard to observe and study them well. Furthermore, their evolution is strongly influenced by environmental mergers and acquisitions as galaxies col ...
... today, the bulk of each galaxy likely emerged long ago in time, thus far away in space now, hence their formative stages are observationally elusive—it’s hard to observe and study them well. Furthermore, their evolution is strongly influenced by environmental mergers and acquisitions as galaxies col ...
arXiv:1009.3685
... (a) Four arrays are assembled together to make a focal plane, for a total of 256 polarimeters at 150 GHz. Each detector wafer, stacked with a λ/4 quartz anti-reflection wafer (not visible), is mounted on a gold plated OFHC copper plate using beryllium-copper spring clips fixed near the corners; (b) ...
... (a) Four arrays are assembled together to make a focal plane, for a total of 256 polarimeters at 150 GHz. Each detector wafer, stacked with a λ/4 quartz anti-reflection wafer (not visible), is mounted on a gold plated OFHC copper plate using beryllium-copper spring clips fixed near the corners; (b) ...
Fuzzy Dark Matter
... course, anything Witten writes does; but this paper is also quite readable, as opposed to many string theory works which remain inscrutable to most of us. The authors take in consideration a hypothesis that is not new, and study it in detail, coming to several interesting conclusions. The idea is ca ...
... course, anything Witten writes does; but this paper is also quite readable, as opposed to many string theory works which remain inscrutable to most of us. The authors take in consideration a hypothesis that is not new, and study it in detail, coming to several interesting conclusions. The idea is ca ...
A TRANSLUMINAL ENERGY QUANTUM MODEL OF THE COSMIC
... quantum jump. Rapid decay of the pair launched the big bang and created the universe.” The recent Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe’s (WMAP) detailed measurements (5) of the very nearly uniform (to about 1 part in 100,000) cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR) coming from all directions in ...
... quantum jump. Rapid decay of the pair launched the big bang and created the universe.” The recent Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe’s (WMAP) detailed measurements (5) of the very nearly uniform (to about 1 part in 100,000) cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR) coming from all directions in ...
Chapter 27
... • Discovery of these huge structures made recently from years of taking Doppler shifts of thousands of galaxies. • Doppler shifts of the galaxies converted to distances using Hubble Law. • Between the filamentary superclusters are HUGE voids with very few (if any) galaxies. • Voids are typically 150 ...
... • Discovery of these huge structures made recently from years of taking Doppler shifts of thousands of galaxies. • Doppler shifts of the galaxies converted to distances using Hubble Law. • Between the filamentary superclusters are HUGE voids with very few (if any) galaxies. • Voids are typically 150 ...
Life in the Universe
... frames, then a single exposure will be 40 second long and S/N=12*sqrt(16)=48 For a box5 dither observation pattern, we will get five images total readout noise = 10 * sqrt(5) = 22.4 counts. This is negligible to shot noises from source+sky+detector. If we take one image (40 sec long with 8 coa ...
... frames, then a single exposure will be 40 second long and S/N=12*sqrt(16)=48 For a box5 dither observation pattern, we will get five images total readout noise = 10 * sqrt(5) = 22.4 counts. This is negligible to shot noises from source+sky+detector. If we take one image (40 sec long with 8 coa ...
Radio to infrared spectra of latetype galaxies
... Note that the residual will contain a reduced amount of AME, as potential AME will have been incorporated in the fitted free–free emission parameter. We compare these with the values from AME regions within our Galaxy, where the ratio of AME at 30 GHz from H II regions and diffuse ionized gas to the ...
... Note that the residual will contain a reduced amount of AME, as potential AME will have been incorporated in the fitted free–free emission parameter. We compare these with the values from AME regions within our Galaxy, where the ratio of AME at 30 GHz from H II regions and diffuse ionized gas to the ...
Exploring the Most Bizarre Ideas in Cosmology Astronomers
... does not jell with the general line of thinking at the time. Sometimes, theories of this type eventually have their day in the Sun as evidence in their favor mounts and/or attitudes change within the scientific community. A sample of such left-field hypotheses is included here. Together with the oth ...
... does not jell with the general line of thinking at the time. Sometimes, theories of this type eventually have their day in the Sun as evidence in their favor mounts and/or attitudes change within the scientific community. A sample of such left-field hypotheses is included here. Together with the oth ...
I Introduction to the Interstellar Medium
... was noticed that in addition to the relatively broad absorption lines associated with the atmospheres of the stars, there were very narrow lines that appeared stationary with respect to the cyclical orbital Doppler shifts of the stellar lines. Hartmann first identified the “stationary lines” of CaII ...
... was noticed that in addition to the relatively broad absorption lines associated with the atmospheres of the stars, there were very narrow lines that appeared stationary with respect to the cyclical orbital Doppler shifts of the stellar lines. Hartmann first identified the “stationary lines” of CaII ...
Possible structure in the GRB sky distribution at redshift two
... that the regions near the ecliptic poles (|β| ≥ 45◦ , where β is the ecliptic latitude) have been observed roughly 1.83 times more frequently than the region surrounding the ecliptic equator. Extinction due to dust from the Milky Way disk causes another angularly-dependent sampling bias. GRBs includ ...
... that the regions near the ecliptic poles (|β| ≥ 45◦ , where β is the ecliptic latitude) have been observed roughly 1.83 times more frequently than the region surrounding the ecliptic equator. Extinction due to dust from the Milky Way disk causes another angularly-dependent sampling bias. GRBs includ ...
Gravitons as super-strong interacting particles, and low
... ∼ Hc, where H is the Hubble constant, c is the light velocity. 2. In the same 1998, two teams of astrophysicists, which were collecting supernovae 1a data with the aim to specificate parameters of cosmological expansion, reported about dimming remote supernovae [3, 4]; the one would be explained on ...
... ∼ Hc, where H is the Hubble constant, c is the light velocity. 2. In the same 1998, two teams of astrophysicists, which were collecting supernovae 1a data with the aim to specificate parameters of cosmological expansion, reported about dimming remote supernovae [3, 4]; the one would be explained on ...
Cosmic Rays
... ‘ultraradiation of unknown origin’ Clay: less radiation at aequator than at pole => must be affected by magnetic field => must be charged particles (*) ...
... ‘ultraradiation of unknown origin’ Clay: less radiation at aequator than at pole => must be affected by magnetic field => must be charged particles (*) ...
Summary - X-ray Astronomy Group at ISAS
... Majority of AGN in the universe do not have strong optical lines or bright optical nuclei– XMM and Chandra deep fields Serious difference between optical and x-ray classification schemes (SAX, XMM and Chandra serendipitous sources) X-ray selected AGN evolve very differently than optically selected o ...
... Majority of AGN in the universe do not have strong optical lines or bright optical nuclei– XMM and Chandra deep fields Serious difference between optical and x-ray classification schemes (SAX, XMM and Chandra serendipitous sources) X-ray selected AGN evolve very differently than optically selected o ...
Dark Matter with Massive Bigravity Theory
... One needs to introduce into the action the kinetic terms for all these fields, and one must be careful to properly define the interaction between the two metrics gµν and fµν ...
... One needs to introduce into the action the kinetic terms for all these fields, and one must be careful to properly define the interaction between the two metrics gµν and fµν ...
The Next Error Committed by the Nobel Committee
... It results from the localization constant k 0 m r const (1) of the photon that its mass m and, consequently, energy E mC 2 are decreased when the photon radius is increased (r ) . It has been established that these changes depend on a coincidence or an opposition of the directions of mot ...
... It results from the localization constant k 0 m r const (1) of the photon that its mass m and, consequently, energy E mC 2 are decreased when the photon radius is increased (r ) . It has been established that these changes depend on a coincidence or an opposition of the directions of mot ...
The destruction and survival of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in
... PAH destruction by photons, assuming that the star has beside its photospheric emission also a far ultraviolet (FUV), an extreme ultraviolet (EUV) and an X-ray component with a fractional luminosity of 1%, 0.1% and 0.025%, respectively. We consider as a PAH destruction process unimolecular dissociat ...
... PAH destruction by photons, assuming that the star has beside its photospheric emission also a far ultraviolet (FUV), an extreme ultraviolet (EUV) and an X-ray component with a fractional luminosity of 1%, 0.1% and 0.025%, respectively. We consider as a PAH destruction process unimolecular dissociat ...
Galaxies over the Latter Half of Cosmic Time
... A new tool for classifying galaxies To find more objects like CXO–J141741.9, the AEGIS team has created a new tool to classify galaxy images in an objective, automated manner. The tool processes the brightness information in all the pixels of a galaxy’s image and decides what kind of galaxy it is. T ...
... A new tool for classifying galaxies To find more objects like CXO–J141741.9, the AEGIS team has created a new tool to classify galaxy images in an objective, automated manner. The tool processes the brightness information in all the pixels of a galaxy’s image and decides what kind of galaxy it is. T ...
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (IOSR-JPBS)
... views. One is Einstein's dream i.e. „one particle theory‟ and the other one is participatory science's view i.e. „two particle theory’. Matter is made up of molecules, (Fig-1 & 1.1) molecules are made up of atoms, and the atoms are made up of nucleus and the electrons, which revolve around the nucle ...
... views. One is Einstein's dream i.e. „one particle theory‟ and the other one is participatory science's view i.e. „two particle theory’. Matter is made up of molecules, (Fig-1 & 1.1) molecules are made up of atoms, and the atoms are made up of nucleus and the electrons, which revolve around the nucle ...
Zhu Qualifier Solutions - University of Toronto Astronomy
... 1.5.2. Are there Big Bang-less cosmologies? 1.6. Question 5 1.7. Question 6 1.7.1. How can we possibly see galaxies that are moving away from us at superluminal speeds? 1.7.2. Why can’t we explain the Hubble flow through the physical motion of galaxies through space? 1.7.3. Can galaxies with recessi ...
... 1.5.2. Are there Big Bang-less cosmologies? 1.6. Question 5 1.7. Question 6 1.7.1. How can we possibly see galaxies that are moving away from us at superluminal speeds? 1.7.2. Why can’t we explain the Hubble flow through the physical motion of galaxies through space? 1.7.3. Can galaxies with recessi ...
Direct evidence of dust growth in L183 from mid
... region with AV > 90, respectively. The Spitzer IRAC (3.6 to 8 μm, Fazio et al. 2004) observations of L183 were obtained as part of the Cycle 1 GTO program 94 (PI: Charles Lawrence). The observations were broken into two epochs, the astronomical observation requests (AORs) are both centered at 15h 54 ...
... region with AV > 90, respectively. The Spitzer IRAC (3.6 to 8 μm, Fazio et al. 2004) observations of L183 were obtained as part of the Cycle 1 GTO program 94 (PI: Charles Lawrence). The observations were broken into two epochs, the astronomical observation requests (AORs) are both centered at 15h 54 ...
Memristors by Quantum Mechanics
... Redshift in Cosmic Dust Based on classical physics, astronomers assume absorbed galaxy photon increases temperature of dust NPs ...
... Redshift in Cosmic Dust Based on classical physics, astronomers assume absorbed galaxy photon increases temperature of dust NPs ...
Cosmic microwave background
The cosmic microwave background (CMB) is the thermal radiation left over from the time of recombination in Big Bang cosmology. In older literature, the CMB is also variously known as cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR) or ""relic radiation."" The CMB is a cosmic background radiation that is fundamental to observational cosmology because it is the oldest light in the universe, dating to the epoch of recombination. With a traditional optical telescope, the space between stars and galaxies (the background) is completely dark. However, a sufficiently sensitive radio telescope shows a faint background glow, almost exactly the same in all directions, that is not associated with any star, galaxy, or other object. This glow is strongest in the microwave region of the radio spectrum. The accidental discovery of CMB in 1964 by American radio astronomers Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson was the culmination of work initiated in the 1940s, and earned the discoverers the 1978 Nobel Prize.The CMB is a snapshot of the oldest light in our Universe, imprinted on the sky when the Universe was just 380,000 years old. It shows tiny temperature fluctuations that correspond to regions of slightly different densities, representing the seeds of all future structure: the stars and galaxies of today.The CMB is well explained as radiation left over from an early stage in the development of the universe, and its discovery is considered a landmark test of the Big Bang model of the universe. When the universe was young, before the formation of stars and planets, it was denser, much hotter, and filled with a uniform glow from a white-hot fog of hydrogen plasma. As the universe expanded, both the plasma and the radiation filling it grew cooler. When the universe cooled enough, protons and electrons combined to form neutral atoms. These atoms could no longer absorb the thermal radiation, and so the universe became transparent instead of being an opaque fog. Cosmologists refer to the time period when neutral atoms first formed as the recombination epoch, and the event shortly afterwards when photons started to travel freely through space rather than constantly being scattered by electrons and protons in plasma is referred to as photon decoupling. The photons that existed at the time of photon decoupling have been propagating ever since, though growing fainter and less energetic, since the expansion of space causes their wavelength to increase over time (and wavelength is inversely proportional to energy according to Planck's relation). This is the source of the alternative term relic radiation. The surface of last scattering refers to the set of points in space at the right distance from us so that we are now receiving photons originally emitted from those points at the time of photon decoupling.Precise measurements of the CMB are critical to cosmology, since any proposed model of the universe must explain this radiation. The CMB has a thermal black body spectrum at a temperature of 7000272548000000000♠2.72548±0.00057 K. The spectral radiance dEν/dν peaks at 160.2 GHz, in the microwave range of frequencies. (Alternatively if spectral radiance is defined as dEλ/dλ then the peak wavelength is 1.063 mm.) The glow is very nearly uniform in all directions, but the tiny residual variations show a very specific pattern, the same as that expected of a fairly uniformly distributed hot gas that has expanded to the current size of the universe. In particular, the spectral radiance at different angles of observation in the sky contains small anisotropies, or irregularities, which vary with the size of the region examined. They have been measured in detail, and match what would be expected if small thermal variations, generated by quantum fluctuations of matter in a very tiny space, had expanded to the size of the observable universe we see today. This is a very active field of study, with scientists seeking both better data (for example, the Planck spacecraft) and better interpretations of the initial conditions of expansion. Although many different processes might produce the general form of a black body spectrum, no model other than the Big Bang has yet explained the fluctuations. As a result, most cosmologists consider the Big Bang model of the universe to be the best explanation for the CMB.The high degree of uniformity throughout the observable universe and its faint but measured anisotropy lend strong support for the Big Bang model in general and the ΛCDM (""Lambda Cold Dark Matter"") model in particular. Moreover, the fluctuations are coherent on angular scales that are larger than the apparent cosmological horizon at recombination. Either such coherence is acausally fine-tuned, or cosmic inflation occurred.