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PPT Version
PPT Version

... • What is this info useful for? – Re-normalization (like for pk sampling) – Trust/re-adjustement of the metering process (e.g. “reported flows only account for 10% of the traffic….”) © NEC Europe Ltd., 2002 Network Laboratories, Heidelberg ...
Why do things move?
Why do things move?

... variations that effect total lift. (wind tunnel tests). • Forward speed is therefore critical for aircraft lift. This can be affected by turbulence… • If air flow over wing changes from laminar to turbulent flow the lift will be reduced significantly! • In regions of strong wind shears lift can also ...
FLOW VISUALIZATION
FLOW VISUALIZATION

... Typical recommendations for PIV measurements around a cylinder: 1. At least 5 seeding particles per IA to minimize “loss of pairs” 2. Use cross-correlation than auto correlation methods 3. Use of Guassian window function to eliminate noise due to cyclic convolution 4. Use of filters to optimize the ...
Post-doctoral Position in Tracer Hydrology and Modeling of
Post-doctoral Position in Tracer Hydrology and Modeling of

... applied in various field experiments ranging from glacier experiments (e.g. injection of DNA tracers to map englacial and subglacial flow pathways) in Alaska, shallow groundwater flow and hyporheic exchange measurements to small hillslope hydrological experiments to map macropores and other preferen ...
pr04Tsol
pr04Tsol

... lower viscosity is used, as viscosity increases when oil cools. In hot climates a more viscous oil is used. b. Rowing would not be possible, just as walking would not be possible if there were no friction. You would have a very limited reaction force, and not get very far. Like rowing, flying would ...
Supplementary Information Fluorescein in Tris
Supplementary Information Fluorescein in Tris

... By definition laminar flow is an essential requirement for microfluidic devices creating linear gradients [21, 22, 26]. Under laminar flow conditions present within the gradient FL device, mixing of differently concentrated solutes occurs via diffusion, which can be described by FICK’s laws. Diffus ...
Instantaneous velocity field measurement in densely
Instantaneous velocity field measurement in densely

... determine non-Newtonian rheology in opaque fluids (Gurung et al., 2015). However, virtually all of the studies so far have only used either qualitative interpretation or time-averaged flow statistics (with the use of phase-averaging for periodic flows). To date, no study has attempted to determine q ...
A Measure of Stream Turbulence
A Measure of Stream Turbulence

... number is dimensionless; there are no units associated with Re. Because water has a very low viscosity compared to most other fluids, the denominator in the Reynolds number equation for water is very small and the Reynolds number itself is quite large. The low viscosity of water means that disturban ...
Laminar and Turbulent Flow in Pipes
Laminar and Turbulent Flow in Pipes

... Resistance to flow in a pipe When a fluid flows through a pipe the internal roughness (e) of the pipe wall can create local eddy currents within the fluid adding a resistance to flow of the fluid. Pipes with smooth walls such as glass, copper, brass and polyethylene have only a small effect on the f ...
Real fluids Viscosity
Real fluids Viscosity

... and v are “typical” values of size and speed. Often it’s not clear which length you should use. For fluids flowing through a pipe, L turns out to be the pipe diameter. As a rule of thumb, •  Re < ~ 2000 ⇒ laminar flow •  Re > ~ 2000 ⇒ turbulent flow ...
Debris Flow Hazard Map
Debris Flow Hazard Map

... ...
afmflow2 - Royal Society of Chemistry
afmflow2 - Royal Society of Chemistry

... Supplementary Material for Chemical Communications This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2002 therefore necessary to interpolate from the 3-dimensional velocity distribution, to obtain a 2dimensional velocity map. To assist with this, we offer three Fortran77 programs. Program fndpth2.f ...
Flow Measurement
Flow Measurement

... substantial obstruction into the flow path to measure the flow. For this reason, these devices are used only when an obstruction does not cause any unwanted reaction on the flow system ...
EDITORIAL BOARD〖JZ)〗
EDITORIAL BOARD〖JZ)〗

... Abstract: This paper studies the flow and heat transfer characteristics around a new type of egg-shaped tubes made up of a semicircle upstream and a semi-ellipse downstream, numerically and experimentally, for Reynolds numbers varying from 4 000 to 5 0000 based on the hydraulic diameter. These tubes ...
COVER PAGE - PSU MNE - Penn State University
COVER PAGE - PSU MNE - Penn State University

... beam passes from air into water, it turns out that the fringe spacing df (from Eq. 1) is not affected. Moreover, the frequency of the laser light is not affected by refraction; Eq. (2) is therefore still valid for determining the flow velocity. However, if the LV probe head (which is located in the ...
Lecture 5
Lecture 5

... Often, one needs to convert results in terms of given units to another set of units.  An example of why this may be necessary is that data from reports may not always be in the units needed for a calculation or data comparison.  Suppose for instance that we want to know the contaminant concentrati ...
turbulent flow - SNS Courseware
turbulent flow - SNS Courseware

... 27. The stream function is constant along a particular stream line flow 1. false 2. true 3. both 4. cant say 28. The flow in which conditions do not change with time at any point is known as ...
Erosion of buffer caused by groundwater leakages
Erosion of buffer caused by groundwater leakages

... therefore, the present results, which are based on limited types of bentonite, flow rates and salinities, are regarded as preliminary only. Erosion test have been carried out to simulate the erosion with different types of experimental set-ups using different flow rates and salinities. See Figure 2. ...
the city of laguna beach monitoring plan for the heisler park asbs
the city of laguna beach monitoring plan for the heisler park asbs

... storm drains and sheet flows on the surface. The objective of the Phase III project is to reduce the amount of bacteria reaching the adjacent ASBS by routing nuisance flows and flows from small storm events through treatment control BMPs then diverting any remaining water to the sanitary sewer syste ...
Tripura Bojjawar BIEN 501 Physiological
Tripura Bojjawar BIEN 501 Physiological

... Q2)A fluid has absolute viscosity of 0.048Pa s . If at a point A , 75mm from the wall the velocity is measured as 1.125 m/s, calculate the intensity of shear stress at a point B 50mm from the wall in N/m².Assume a linear (straight line ) velocity distribution from the wall. ...
Lecture 25
Lecture 25

... example, turbine flowmeters for air and water are discussed in Chapter 8. ...
Department of Mechanical Eng.
Department of Mechanical Eng.

... Evaluation the lower critical Mach number for airfoil with Cpimin=-0.7 . The characteristic Mach number at point of maximum suction when the airfoil is traveling at M cr1 is equal 1.0 i.e λ c = 1.0, from Cristianowich diagram λi = 0.7577 From the equation λi = λi ...
Balanced Flow
Balanced Flow

... forces. However, inertial motions are common in the oceans, where pressure gradients frequently do not exist and motion may be induced by wind flows at the surface. Cyclostrophic Flow For very small horizontal scales, the Coriolis Force can be neglected. This approximation is called cyclostrophic fl ...
CIEG-306 Fluid Mechanics Laboratory 5. HYDRAULIC JUMP
CIEG-306 Fluid Mechanics Laboratory 5. HYDRAULIC JUMP

... 1. Start the pump and turn the flow control valve open. 2. Allow the flow to become established and a jet to be developed under the sluice gate (the water level in the reservoir behind the gate should be steady at this point). 3. Place the weir at the downstream end and adjust the weir carefully to ...
Experiment 2 --- Flow Measurement, Part 1
Experiment 2 --- Flow Measurement, Part 1

... Controlling the flow in piping systems is a significant issue in the chemical process industries. Obviously, in order to control the flow in a pipe, the flow must be measured. This experiment will introduce you to three devices that are used to measure flow. One, the rotameter, is a simple mechanica ...
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Water metering



Water metering is the process of measuring water use.In many developed countries water meters are used to measure the volume of water used by residential and commercial building that are supplied with water by a public water supply system. Water meters can also be used at the water source, well, or throughout a water system to determine flow through a particular portion of the system. In most of the world water meters measure flow in cubic metres (m3) or litres but in the USA and some other countries water meters are calibrated in cubic feet (ft.3) or US gallons on a mechanical or electronic register. Some electronic meter registers can display rate-of-flow in addition to total usage.There are several types of water meters in common use. The choice depends on the flow measurement method, the type of end user, the required flow rates, and accuracy requirements.In North America, standards for manufacturing water meters are set by the American Water Works Association.
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