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Pdf Format - Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences
Pdf Format - Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences

... paper is the partial shading of PV modules. Many authors have proposed ideas to mitigate the effects related to partial shading issue. In photovoltaic (PV) energy systems, PV modules are often connected in series for increased string voltage; however, I-V characteristics mismatches often exist betwe ...
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Variable-frequency drive



A variable-frequency drive (VFD) (also termed adjustable-frequency drive, variable-speed drive, AC drive, micro drive or inverter drive) is a type of adjustable-speed drive used in electro-mechanical drive systems to control AC motor speed and torque by varying motor input frequency and voltage.VFDs are used in applications ranging from small appliances to the largest of mine mill drives and compressors. However, around 25% of the world's electrical energy is consumed by electric motors in industrial applications, which are especially conducive for energy savings using VFDs in centrifugal load service, and VFDs' global market penetration for all applications is still relatively small. That lack of penetration highlights significant energy efficiency improvement opportunities for retrofitted and new VFD installations.Over the last four decades, power electronics technology has reduced VFD cost and size and has improved performance through advances in semiconductor switching devices, drive topologies, simulation and control techniques, and control hardware and software.VFDs are available in a number of different low- and medium-voltage AC-AC and DC-AC topologies.
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