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Audio preamplifier vvith no t.i.d. - Keith
Audio preamplifier vvith no t.i.d. - Keith

... louder tones under certain condi­ tions.For example the white noise in the bandwidth 20Hz to 20kHz masks the tone if the sound pressure level exceeds the spectral density noise level by 17 to 3OdB. (Refs 9.) • Studies performed in the USSR during late 19 50's and 1960's revealed that more than 50% o ...
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... 9. Because of the p-n-p input stage, the direction of the current is out of the device. This current essentially is constant (i.e., independent of the output state). No loading change exists on the reference or input lines as long as the common-mode input voltage range is not exceeded. 10. The outpu ...
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Variable-frequency drive



A variable-frequency drive (VFD) (also termed adjustable-frequency drive, variable-speed drive, AC drive, micro drive or inverter drive) is a type of adjustable-speed drive used in electro-mechanical drive systems to control AC motor speed and torque by varying motor input frequency and voltage.VFDs are used in applications ranging from small appliances to the largest of mine mill drives and compressors. However, around 25% of the world's electrical energy is consumed by electric motors in industrial applications, which are especially conducive for energy savings using VFDs in centrifugal load service, and VFDs' global market penetration for all applications is still relatively small. That lack of penetration highlights significant energy efficiency improvement opportunities for retrofitted and new VFD installations.Over the last four decades, power electronics technology has reduced VFD cost and size and has improved performance through advances in semiconductor switching devices, drive topologies, simulation and control techniques, and control hardware and software.VFDs are available in a number of different low- and medium-voltage AC-AC and DC-AC topologies.
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