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Some old exam problems to work through
Some old exam problems to work through

... b) In words, pictures and equations describe what this filter does for an input of  “flat‐top” or “white” noise. This kind of noise has a frequency spectrum with an  equal amount of power at all frequencies.   ...
IR3870M SupIRBuck™ Integrated Voltage Regulator
IR3870M SupIRBuck™ Integrated Voltage Regulator

... • The same feature-rich controller IC utilized in the IR3870M is also available as a stand-alone device, the IR3710M. This device allows designers who use the IR3870 for lighter loads to easily scale up to loads as high as 24A by using the IC with a pair of external IR MOSFETs. ...
novacap technical brochure
novacap technical brochure

... opposing polarity of the input signal, and thus allows alternating current to appear on either side of the component, so that sections of a circuit can be “coupled”. The current does not flow physically through the capacitor, as the dielectric is an insulator; continuous current surges are the resul ...
Signal integrity of high speed digital PCB designs
Signal integrity of high speed digital PCB designs

... the signal can response time series, electrical level correspondingly.  Was not always a case in earlier days. ...
Sampling time
Sampling time

... or pushes down the amplitude of the signal to its digital representation. • Methods to reduce errors • increase the number of quantization levels • For example: • a DSP system will use an ADC with 10 or 12 bit resolution. This means that the input signal will be measured against 1024 or 4096 levels, ...
pulse modulation
pulse modulation

... • This technique combines time-domain samples from different message signals (sampled at the same rate) and transmits them together across the same channel. • The multiplexing is performed using a commutator (switch). At the receiver a decommutator (switch) is used in synchronism with the commutator ...
Clipper and Clamper Circuit
Clipper and Clamper Circuit

... If Vi > V’, what happens?  ...
CPR-1221-7M1 Datasheet
CPR-1221-7M1 Datasheet

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Z104 Z11 DC current/voltage to frequency isolator/ converter
Z104 Z11 DC current/voltage to frequency isolator/ converter

... K112 isolation module has been designed to adapt specific on/off sensors to a standard NPN and/or PNP connection. It’s a useful solution to interface a proximity sensor with a plc. The two outputs (PNP and NPN) can be utilized simultaneously. A 2-way galvanic isolation among input // output circuits ...
Lesson 11
Lesson 11

... process of analog to digital conversion primarily involves three operations: (a) Sampling of x (t), (b) Quantization (i.e. approximation) of the discrete time samples, x (kTs) and (c) Suitable encoding of the quantized time samples xq (kTs). Ts indicates the sampling interval where Rs = 1/Ts is the ...
Assignment 3
Assignment 3

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PPT26 - SOEST
PPT26 - SOEST

... Note that the peaks that look like they had been completely wiped out are actually there - just much smaller. For example the peal at 1 Hz is reduce by ~20 dB by the “black” filter - that’s about a factor of 10 in amplitude. ...
Power Point Slides
Power Point Slides

... wideband noise n(t) input  Mixer output = n(t) cos(ωct) → Low Pass Filter  Mixer output = n(t) cos(ωct + 14º) → Low Pass Filter  Does average noise power out of LPF differ? ...
Ecopac
Ecopac

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Poglavlje1-svet mikrokontrolera_Knjiga
Poglavlje1-svet mikrokontrolera_Knjiga

... An analog to digital converter is an electronic circuit which converts continuous signals to discrete digital numbers. In other words, this circuit converts an analogue value into a binary number and forwards it to the CPU for further processing. This module is thus used for input pin voltage (analo ...
Figure 1–1 Communication system.
Figure 1–1 Communication system.

... • Digital source produces a finite set of possible values. • Analog source produces a infinite set of possible values. • Signal is a measurable quantity (e.g., voltage) which bears ...
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Delta-sigma modulation

Delta-sigma (ΔΣ; or sigma-delta, ΣΔ) modulation is a method for encoding analog signals into digital signals as found in an ADC. It is also used to transfer higher-resolution digital signals into lower-resolution digital signals as part of the process to convert digital signals into analog.In a conventional ADC, an analog signal is integrated, or sampled, with a sampling frequency and subsequently quantized in a multi-level quantizer into a digital signal. This process introduces quantization error noise. The first step in a delta-sigma modulation is delta modulation. In delta modulation the change in the signal (its delta) is encoded, rather than the absolute value. The result is a stream of pulses, as opposed to a stream of numbers as is the case with PCM. In delta-sigma modulation, the accuracy of the modulation is improved by passing the digital output through a 1-bit DAC and adding (sigma) the resulting analog signal to the input signal, thereby reducing the error introduced by the delta-modulation.This technique has found increasing use in modern electronic components such as converters, frequency synthesizers, switched-mode power supplies and motor controllers, primarily because of its cost efficiency and reduced circuit complexity.Both analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) and digital-to-analog converters (DACs) can employ delta-sigma modulation. A delta-sigma ADC first encodes an analog signal using high-frequency delta-sigma modulation, and then applies a digital filter to form a higher-resolution but lower sample-frequency digital output. On the other hand, a delta-sigma DAC encodes a high-resolution digital input signal into a lower-resolution but higher sample-frequency signal that is mapped to voltages, and then smoothed with an analog filter. In both cases, the temporary use of a lower-resolution signal simplifies circuit design and improves efficiency.The coarsely-quantized output of a delta-sigma modulator is occasionally used directly in signal processing or as a representation for signal storage. For example, the Super Audio CD (SACD) stores the output of a delta-sigma modulator directly on a disk.
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