Binocular Performance Index
... and in fact results were just slightly better. This gives a pretty good indication of the magnification necessary to achieve maximum resolution. The formula 1300D is given, where D is the aperture in meters, for determining minimum magnification needed to realize the potential maximum resolution. Th ...
... and in fact results were just slightly better. This gives a pretty good indication of the magnification necessary to achieve maximum resolution. The formula 1300D is given, where D is the aperture in meters, for determining minimum magnification needed to realize the potential maximum resolution. Th ...
Optical, Confocal, and 4Pi Microscopy
... invented in 1609 with one concave lens and one convex lens, was the first device to be called a microscope. Christian Huygens in the late 1600s improved on the design of the microscope with a simple two lens ocular system that was achromatically corrected. Anton van Leeuwenhoek was the first to use ...
... invented in 1609 with one concave lens and one convex lens, was the first device to be called a microscope. Christian Huygens in the late 1600s improved on the design of the microscope with a simple two lens ocular system that was achromatically corrected. Anton van Leeuwenhoek was the first to use ...
Aberration-free three-dimensional multiphoton imaging of neuronal
... in the x-y plane and an axial scan unit (ASU) to independently scan the focal spot in the z direction. Unlike traditional systems, which are only capable of high-speed scanning in the x-y plane, this microscope can scan the focal spot along any three-dimensional trajectory at high speed. Both the ob ...
... in the x-y plane and an axial scan unit (ASU) to independently scan the focal spot in the z direction. Unlike traditional systems, which are only capable of high-speed scanning in the x-y plane, this microscope can scan the focal spot along any three-dimensional trajectory at high speed. Both the ob ...
File
... 1. REFRACTION THROUGH LENSES A lens is a portion of a transparent refracting medium bounded by two spherical surfaces or by one spherical surface and a plane surface. Lenses are usually made of glass. The line joining the centres of curvature of the two spherical surfaces is know n as the principal ...
... 1. REFRACTION THROUGH LENSES A lens is a portion of a transparent refracting medium bounded by two spherical surfaces or by one spherical surface and a plane surface. Lenses are usually made of glass. The line joining the centres of curvature of the two spherical surfaces is know n as the principal ...
Measuring the Real Point Spread Function of High Numerical
... computers. A bewildering array of techniques is described in Malacara’s classic reference book on the subject (Malacara, 1992). Several of these techniques, in particular the Twyman–Green interferometer and the star test, are applicable to testing of microscope objective lens. Characterizing high nu ...
... computers. A bewildering array of techniques is described in Malacara’s classic reference book on the subject (Malacara, 1992). Several of these techniques, in particular the Twyman–Green interferometer and the star test, are applicable to testing of microscope objective lens. Characterizing high nu ...
Ultra–large field-of-view two-photon microscopy
... observed in individual capillaries in layers 2 through 4 of rat neocortex". Proc. Nat'l. Acad. Sci. USA 95:1574115746 (1998). J. Lecoq, J. Savall, D. Vučinić, B.F. Grewe, H. Kim, J.Z. Li, L.J. Kitch, and M.J. Schnitzer, "Visualizing mammalian brain area interactions by dual-axis two-photon calcium i ...
... observed in individual capillaries in layers 2 through 4 of rat neocortex". Proc. Nat'l. Acad. Sci. USA 95:1574115746 (1998). J. Lecoq, J. Savall, D. Vučinić, B.F. Grewe, H. Kim, J.Z. Li, L.J. Kitch, and M.J. Schnitzer, "Visualizing mammalian brain area interactions by dual-axis two-photon calcium i ...
Chapter 34 Geometric Optics
... (iii) Draw a short vertical arrow starting on a point on the principal axis pointing upward to represent the object. It should be located where the object is. That is, the whole graph should be drawn to scale. The ratio between the object distance s and the focal length f or the radius of curvature ...
... (iii) Draw a short vertical arrow starting on a point on the principal axis pointing upward to represent the object. It should be located where the object is. That is, the whole graph should be drawn to scale. The ratio between the object distance s and the focal length f or the radius of curvature ...
Strategies for the compensation of specimen
... the epidermal±dermal junction. The point object is located on the optical axis at an axial distance z from the NFP. Figure 3 shows how the axial distribution of the confocal signal is affected by the reduction of the pupil size (plotted as a function of NA). All figures are normalized to the maximum ...
... the epidermal±dermal junction. The point object is located on the optical axis at an axial distance z from the NFP. Figure 3 shows how the axial distribution of the confocal signal is affected by the reduction of the pupil size (plotted as a function of NA). All figures are normalized to the maximum ...
Telescopes and spectrographs
... directly on a detector such as photographic film. Real images are those images made by the convergence of actual rays of light. However, when eyepiece lenses are used with telescopes, the final image formed by the telescope is said to be a virtual image, since it is situated at a location from which ...
... directly on a detector such as photographic film. Real images are those images made by the convergence of actual rays of light. However, when eyepiece lenses are used with telescopes, the final image formed by the telescope is said to be a virtual image, since it is situated at a location from which ...
CHAPTER 5: LIGHT
... which originate from the fish to show how a person observing from above the surface of the water is able to see the image of the fish at an apparent depth less than the actual depth of the fish. ...
... which originate from the fish to show how a person observing from above the surface of the water is able to see the image of the fish at an apparent depth less than the actual depth of the fish. ...
Galileoscope Optics Guide - Teaching with Telescopes
... transformed our understanding of the universe. Galileo saw craters on the Moon, phases of Venus, moons orbiting Jupiter, and “ears” on Saturn which we now know to be rings. His systematic observations challenged conventional scientific knowledge of the day. The International Year of Astronomy celebr ...
... transformed our understanding of the universe. Galileo saw craters on the Moon, phases of Venus, moons orbiting Jupiter, and “ears” on Saturn which we now know to be rings. His systematic observations challenged conventional scientific knowledge of the day. The International Year of Astronomy celebr ...
MICROSCOPY I: BRIGHT
... Efficient use of the microscope and the interpretation of images will require consideration of the following factors: 1. Magnification: The bright-field microscope magnifies or enlarges an object so that it is visible to the observer. Magnification is achieved using a two-lens system, composed of th ...
... Efficient use of the microscope and the interpretation of images will require consideration of the following factors: 1. Magnification: The bright-field microscope magnifies or enlarges an object so that it is visible to the observer. Magnification is achieved using a two-lens system, composed of th ...
Bright-Field Microscopy
... as microscope lens makers are striving to make “super” apochromatic objective lenses that each have a single wavelength-independent focal length all the way from the ultraviolet to the infrared wavelengths. More lens elements are required to effectively reduce chromatic aberration and this increases ...
... as microscope lens makers are striving to make “super” apochromatic objective lenses that each have a single wavelength-independent focal length all the way from the ultraviolet to the infrared wavelengths. More lens elements are required to effectively reduce chromatic aberration and this increases ...
Optical tweezers using a diode laser
... The microscope objective used was a 100X oil immersion (CFN Plan Achromat, N.A. 1.25, working distance 0.16 mm, focal length 1.71 mm). (Better visibility is available by using phase contrast.) The regular eyepieces ( 10 X CFWN) were modified by attaching infrared blocking BG 18 glass filters to thei ...
... The microscope objective used was a 100X oil immersion (CFN Plan Achromat, N.A. 1.25, working distance 0.16 mm, focal length 1.71 mm). (Better visibility is available by using phase contrast.) The regular eyepieces ( 10 X CFWN) were modified by attaching infrared blocking BG 18 glass filters to thei ...
Chromatic and Monochromatic Aberrations
... ray and trace out the ray path exactly. This is a very accurate way of describing the image formed by the lens and it fully includes the effects of monochromatic and chromatic aberrations. However, it is very time consuming, and unfortunately this action cannot be condensed into simple mathematical ...
... ray and trace out the ray path exactly. This is a very accurate way of describing the image formed by the lens and it fully includes the effects of monochromatic and chromatic aberrations. However, it is very time consuming, and unfortunately this action cannot be condensed into simple mathematical ...
ray optics and optical instruments
... virtual if the rays do not actually meet but appear to diverge from the point when produced backwards. An image is thus a point-to-point correspondence with the object established through reflection and/or refraction. In principle, we can take any two rays emanating from a point on an object, trace ...
... virtual if the rays do not actually meet but appear to diverge from the point when produced backwards. An image is thus a point-to-point correspondence with the object established through reflection and/or refraction. In principle, we can take any two rays emanating from a point on an object, trace ...
Active imaging lens with real-time variable resolution and constant
... can increase the resolution in a given region by changing the magnification. However, it is also very different since it keeps the total field of view constant. Instead of increasing the resolution (in pixels/degree) by reducing the total field of view, it is achieved here by increasing it in a zone ...
... can increase the resolution in a given region by changing the magnification. However, it is also very different since it keeps the total field of view constant. Instead of increasing the resolution (in pixels/degree) by reducing the total field of view, it is achieved here by increasing it in a zone ...
Preview of “ZEISS Microscopy Online ...opy Basics | Objectives”
... assistance of Computer-Aided-Design (CAD) systems, which use advanced rare-element glass formulations of uniform composition and quality characterized by highly specific refractive indices. These advanced techniques have allowed manufacturers to produce objectives tha ...
... assistance of Computer-Aided-Design (CAD) systems, which use advanced rare-element glass formulations of uniform composition and quality characterized by highly specific refractive indices. These advanced techniques have allowed manufacturers to produce objectives tha ...
Hwk Set #7 - Publisher`s solutions
... 24.31. Visualize: Hard thought shows that if the left focal points for both lenses coincide then the parallel rays before and after the beam splitter are reproduced. The first lens diverges the rays as if they had come from the focal point of the converging lens. ...
... 24.31. Visualize: Hard thought shows that if the left focal points for both lenses coincide then the parallel rays before and after the beam splitter are reproduced. The first lens diverges the rays as if they had come from the focal point of the converging lens. ...
Module P6.4 Optical instruments
... (θ0I) is increased over the maximum angular size for the object (θ0D) when it is placed at the near point. From Figure 1c: magnifying power θ tan θ I Mpower = I ≈ θD tan θ D ...
... (θ0I) is increased over the maximum angular size for the object (θ0D) when it is placed at the near point. From Figure 1c: magnifying power θ tan θ I Mpower = I ≈ θD tan θ D ...
A CONCEPTIONAL STUDY OF OPTICAL EARTH
... slewing of satellite. Nevertheless the diameter of FOV may be 2,000 km and the angular FOV will be 3 degree. Assuming the aperture dimension of CCD element and the required ground resolution are l4~m and 100 m respectively, then the focal length of telescope must be 5.32 m. The aperture will be 1 . ...
... slewing of satellite. Nevertheless the diameter of FOV may be 2,000 km and the angular FOV will be 3 degree. Assuming the aperture dimension of CCD element and the required ground resolution are l4~m and 100 m respectively, then the focal length of telescope must be 5.32 m. The aperture will be 1 . ...
Lens Aberrations and Ray Tracing 1 Background
... Aberrations cannot be measured for smaller diameter lenses via the method used thus far. Diffraction will interfere with attempts to characterize smaller lenses if the beam diameter is comparable to the size of the lens. The beam used in the following experiment, however, has to completely fill the ...
... Aberrations cannot be measured for smaller diameter lenses via the method used thus far. Diffraction will interfere with attempts to characterize smaller lenses if the beam diameter is comparable to the size of the lens. The beam used in the following experiment, however, has to completely fill the ...
On the chromatic aberration of microlenses
... To investigate an achromatic design for a microlens we fix a diameter. Then to allow comparisons a wavelength of reference fixing Zp is required. It is now possible to plot the relative variations of this Zp against the wavelength of a defined spectrum. For example, Fig. 9 shows the variations as f ...
... To investigate an achromatic design for a microlens we fix a diameter. Then to allow comparisons a wavelength of reference fixing Zp is required. It is now possible to plot the relative variations of this Zp against the wavelength of a defined spectrum. For example, Fig. 9 shows the variations as f ...
F - mjburns.net
... light moving from air into glass will move toward the normal light moving from glass back into air will move away from the normal virtual focus ...
... light moving from air into glass will move toward the normal light moving from glass back into air will move away from the normal virtual focus ...
User Guide
... Barlow lens A Barlow lens increases the magnifying power of an eyepiece, while reducing the field of view. It expands the cone of the focused light before it reaches the focal point, so that the telescope's focal length appears longer to the eyepiece. In addition to increasing magnification, the be ...
... Barlow lens A Barlow lens increases the magnifying power of an eyepiece, while reducing the field of view. It expands the cone of the focused light before it reaches the focal point, so that the telescope's focal length appears longer to the eyepiece. In addition to increasing magnification, the be ...
Eyepiece
An eyepiece, or ocular lens, is a type of lens that is attached to a variety of optical devices such as telescopes and microscopes. It is so named because it is usually the lens that is closest to the eye when someone looks through the device. The objective lens or mirror collects light and brings it to focus creating an image. The eyepiece is placed near the focal point of the objective to magnify this image. The amount of magnification depends on the focal length of the eyepiece.An eyepiece consists of several ""lens elements"" in a housing, with a ""barrel"" on one end. The barrel is shaped to fit in a special opening of the instrument to which it is attached. The image can be focused by moving the eyepiece nearer and further from the objective. Most instruments have a focusing mechanism to allow movement of the shaft in which the eyepiece is mounted, without needing to manipulate the eyepiece directly.The eyepieces of binoculars are usually permanently mounted in the binoculars, causing them to have a pre-determined magnification and field of view. With telescopes and microscopes, however, eyepieces are usually interchangeable. By switching the eyepiece, the user can adjust what is viewed. For instance, eyepieces will often be interchanged to increase or decrease the magnification of a telescope. Eyepieces also offer varying fields of view, and differing degrees of eye relief for the person who looks through them.