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Anxiety and Psychopharmacology
Anxiety and Psychopharmacology

... improve with antidepressants by eliminating depressed mood, but who do not have complete remission because they remain worried/tense, have insomnia and somatic symptoms and generalized anxiety ...
Practical Psychopharmacology for the General Practitioner Valarie V
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... importance in veterinary medicine is selegiline (Anapryl). Anapryl is one of the few psychotropic medications approved for use in dogs and has been found to be useful in the treatment of canine cognitive dysfunction. Its primary mode of action is by increasing levels of dopamine in the CNS. However, ...
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... excited reaction resulted from depolarization caused by the glumatic acids and inhibit the CNS . ...
Anxiety Medication: What You Need to Know About Anti
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... Benzodiazepines (also known as tranquilizers) are the most widely prescribed type of medication for anxiety. Because they work quickly—typically bringing relief within 30 minutes to an hour—they’re very effective when taken during a panic attack or another overwhelming anxiety episode. However, they ...
Anti-depressants
Anti-depressants

... 1) How bad is it and how long has it been going on? 2) Have you lost interest in things? 3) Are you more tired than usual? If the answer is yes to these, then: 4) Have you lost confidence in yourself? 5) Do you feel guilty about things? 6) Concentration difficulties? 7) Sleeping problems? 8) Change ...
HYPNOTIC - SEDATIVE DRUGS Dra. Ma. Shiela C
HYPNOTIC - SEDATIVE DRUGS Dra. Ma. Shiela C

...  A. The latency of sleep onset is decreased  B. The duration of stage 2 NREM sleep is increased  C. The duration of REM sleep is decreased  D. The duration of stage 4 NREM slow-wave sleep is ...
Xanax (alprazolam)
Xanax (alprazolam)

... other tasks requiring alertness while taking this medication. Seniors may be more adversely affected, because it may affect their coordination and reflexes and lead to falls and injury. Taking Xanax with other central nervous system (CNS) depressants such as alcohol, narcotics, and barbiturates may ...
Drugs and their Effects by Class
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... Amphetamine and methamphetamine are central nervous system stimulants that may cause restlessness, euphoria, dizziness, dyskinesia, tremor, dysphoria and insomnia. Chronic use may lead to personality changes, irritability, hyperactivity and psychosis. Driving and driving behaviours included; speedin ...
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Muscle Relaxants, Substance Abuse and CNS Stimulants

... Opiate antagonist that reduces craving for alcohol. Thought to be related to blockade of the endogenous opioid system which then decreases alcohol craving and consumption. Adverse effects include: anxiety, dizziness, drowsiness, headache, insomnia, and vomiting. ...
Psychotropic (Psychoactive) drugs
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... Unwanted effects • unwanted effects occuring during therapeutic use ---Influence on manual skills (such as driving performance) due to drowsiness, confusion, amnesia and impaired coordination --- enhance of depressant action of other drugs (in a more than additive way) --- breath center depression ...
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... Disulfiram- produces a sensitivity to alcohol which results in a highly unpleasant reaction when the patient under treatment ingests even small amounts of alcohol ...
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... • CNS depressants are drugs that can be used to slow down brain activity or function . • There are numerous CNS depressants; most act on the brain by affecting the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). • GABA works by decreasing brain activity. • CNS depressants have ability to increase G ...
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... to long (>20 hours). When half-lives are long, drug (and for some drugs their active metabolites) may accumulate during periods of nightly administration and be associated with impairments of cognitive and/or motor performance during waking hours; the possibility of interaction with other psychoacti ...
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... An increased risk of congenital malformations and other developmental abnormalities associated with the use of benzodiazepine drugs during pregnancy has been suggested. There may also be non-teratogenic risks associated with the use of benzodiazepines during pregnancy. There have been reports of neo ...
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... Depression: SSRIs, SNRIs, buproprion, mirtazepine Sleep: sleep hygiene, zalpelon, eszopiclone Neuropathy: gabapentin Allergies: fexofenadine, loratadine NOTE: For acute allergic reactions use diphenhydramine is smallest possible dose for shortest possible duration IBS: Dietary modification, fiber su ...
WHY ARE WE STILL STUCK AROUND BENZODIAZEPINES? Introduction SMMGP Manchester, October 2013
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... Chronic effects on memory are likely to result in reduced social functioning over time, e.g. reduced ability to remember new people or plans The question of whether long-term BZ use results in brain damage has never been adequately studied and remains controversial Long-term use of BZs has been asso ...
Alcohol and Drug Abuse
Alcohol and Drug Abuse

... Muscle spasms, tremors and possible permanent motor impairment; liver/kidney damage. Addiction - A minority inhale on a regular basis, but among those, some report symptoms of addiction ...
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Medication Alternatives for the Elderly

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الشريحة 1
الشريحة 1

... Long-Term Effects • Alcohol affects the immune, endocrine, and reproductive systems. • It can cause neurological damage, including dementia, blackouts, seizures, and hallucinations. • Various cancers are associated with heavy drinking. • It can result in hepatitis, chronic gastritis, hypertension, ...
Panic Disorder
Panic Disorder

... Quick symptom control crucial Drugs of choice are antidepressants ( NOT benzodiazepines); slow in onset but no potential for abuse Second choice is a benzodiazepine like alprazolam, quick in onset but with potential for abuse ...
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Effects of long-term benzodiazepine use

The effects of long-term benzodiazepine use include drug dependence as well as the possibility of adverse effects on cognitive function, physical health, and mental health. There are significant risks associated with the long-term use of benzodiazepines. However, not all people experience problems associated with the long-term use of benzodiazepines. There is evidence that reduction or withdrawal from benzodiazepines can lead to a reduction in anxiety symptoms, while other's anxiety or panic respond only to benzodiazepine treatment. There are a number of side-effects associated with addiction to benzodiazepines such as depression and flu-like symptoms, nonetheless occurring in only a small amount of people. Due to these increasing physical and mental symptoms from long-term use of benzodiazepines, slowly withdrawing from benzodiazepines is recommended for many long-term users, while others benefit from lifelong benzodiazepine treatment and develop neither tolerance nor side effects.Some of the symptoms that could possibly occur as a result of long-term use of benzodiazepines include emotional clouding, nausea, headaches, dizziness, irritability, lethargy, sleep problems, memory impairment, personality changes, aggression, depression, social deterioration as well as employment difficulties, while others never have any side effects from long term benzodiazepine use. Like any other chemical or medicine, one should never abruptly stop using this medicine and should wean themself down to a lower dose under doctor supervision until they are completely off the chemical, if desired. While benzodiazepines are highly effective in the short term, adverse effects in some people associated with long-term use including impaired cognitive abilities, memory problems, mood swings, overdoses when combined with other drugs may make the risk-benefit ratio unfavourable, while others experience no ill effects. In addition, benzodiazepines have reinforcing properties in some individuals and thus are considered to be addictive drugs especially in individuals that have a ""drug-seeking"" behavior; in addition, a physical dependence can develop after a few weeks or months of use, which is not a problem as one slowly lowers their dose. Many of these adverse effects of long-term use of benzodiazepines begin to show improvements three to six months after withdrawal.Other concerns about the effects of long-term benzodiazepine use, in some, include dose escalation, benzodiazepine abuse, tolerance and benzodiazepine dependence and benzodiazepine withdrawal problems. Both physiological tolerance and dependence can lead to a worsening of the adverse effects of benzodiazepines. Increased risk of death has been associated with long-term use of benzodiazepines in several studies, however, other studies have not found increased mortality. Due to conflicting findings in studies regarding benzodiazepines and increased risks of death including from cancer, further research in long-term use of benzodiazepines and mortality risk has been recommended. Most of the research has been conducted in prescribed users of benzodiazepines; even less is known about the mortality risk of illicit benzodiazepine users. The long-term use of benzodiazepines is controversial and has generated significant controversy within the medical profession. Views on the nature and severity of problems with long-term use of benzodiazepines differ from expert to expert and even from country to country; some experts even question whether there is any problem with the long-term use of benzodiazepines. Political controversy, in particular in the UK, also surrounds the long-term use of benzodiazepines, and was subject to the largest class-action lawsuit in the 1980s and 1990s. There have also been allegations of a cover-up by medical bureaucracies and the government.
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