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MAX4528 Low-Voltage, Phase-Reversal Analog Switch ________________General Description
MAX4528 Low-Voltage, Phase-Reversal Analog Switch ________________General Description

... The MAX4528’s construction is typical of most CMOS analog switches. It has three supply pins: V+, V-, and GND. V+ and V- drive the internal CMOS switches and set the analog-voltage limits on any switch. Reverse ESD-protection diodes are internally connected between each analog-signal pin and both V+ ...
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... Synchronization Input. The device synchronizes to an external signal applied to FSYNC. The external clock frequency must be 10% greater than the internal clock frequency for proper operation. Connect FSYNC to GND if the internal clock is used. ...
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... The signals generated by most sensor elements are very small in magnitude, and must therefore be amplified. For example, the voltage produced at the leads of a thermocouple for a single degree Centigrade rise in temperature, could be as low as 49 microvolts, which can be easily drowned by system noi ...
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... applied to C1 and Q1 in Fig.2 is below the desired level. In order to demonstrate the input current shaping a 200V output Modified SEPIC converter will be used. The use of 500V MOSFETs is desirable, so the ratio of L1 to L2 will be adjusted according to a maximum voltage stress on Q1 of 450V. The ca ...
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... numerous activation levels possible for a given type of alarm - 4 priority levels - 4 response times: standard 1 s, fast 100 ms, disturbance < 1/2 cycle, transient < 1µs - boolean combination of four alarms is possible using the operators NAND, OR, NOR and XOR Automatic alarm setting: after a learni ...
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Pulse-width modulation



Pulse-width modulation (PWM), or pulse-duration modulation (PDM), is a modulation technique used to encode a message into a pulsing signal. Although this modulation technique can be used to encode information for transmission, its main use is to allow the control of the power supplied to electrical devices, especially to inertial loads such as motors. In addition, PWM is one of the two principal algorithms used in photovoltaic solar battery chargers, the other being MPPT.The average value of voltage (and current) fed to the load is controlled by turning the switch between supply and load on and off at a fast rate. The longer the switch is on compared to the off periods, the higher the total power supplied to the load.The PWM switching frequency has to be much higher than what would affect the load (the device that uses the power), which is to say that the resultant waveform perceived by the load must be as smooth as possible. Typically switching has to be done several times a minute in an electric stove, 120 Hz in a lamp dimmer, from few kilohertz (kHz) to tens of kHz for a motor drive and well into the tens or hundreds of kHz in audio amplifiers and computer power supplies.The term duty cycle describes the proportion of 'on' time to the regular interval or 'period' of time; a low duty cycle corresponds to low power, because the power is off for most of the time. Duty cycle is expressed in percent, 100% being fully on.The main advantage of PWM is that power loss in the switching devices is very low. When a switch is off there is practically no current, and when it is on and power is being transferred to the load, there is almost no voltage drop across the switch. Power loss, being the product of voltage and current, is thus in both cases close to zero. PWM also works well with digital controls, which, because of their on/off nature, can easily set the needed duty cycle.PWM has also been used in certain communication systems where its duty cycle has been used to convey information over a communications channel.
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