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Heathkit GC-1A - Orange County (California) Amateur Radio Club
Heathkit GC-1A - Orange County (California) Amateur Radio Club

SensArray - Metax Limited
SensArray - Metax Limited

Feature Focus: Mask Testing
Feature Focus: Mask Testing

... (KGD). If the output from the new device falls in between the upper and lower masks, the device passes. If the output falls outside the upper and lower masks, then adjustments are made to the new device in an attempt to bring it into spec. With continuous waveform monitoring applications, an oscillo ...
SheilendranathReport
SheilendranathReport

... method is presented to find the optimal bus for placing DG in a networked system based on bus admittance matrix, generation information and load distribution of the system. In practice, there are more constraints on the availability of DG sources, and we may only have one or a few DGs with limited o ...
High-speed Digital Architectures
High-speed Digital Architectures

MAX3869 +3.3V, 2.5Gbps SDH/SONET Laser Driver with Current Monitors and APC General Description
MAX3869 +3.3V, 2.5Gbps SDH/SONET Laser Driver with Current Monitors and APC General Description

... The MAX3869 laser driver consists of two main parts: a high-speed modulation driver and a laser-biasing block with automatic power control (APC). The circuit design is optimized for both high-speed and low-voltage (+3.3V) operation. To minimize the pattern-dependent jitter of the input signal at spe ...
Evaluates:  MAX9918/MAX9919/MAX9920 MAX9918 Evaluation Kit General Description Features
Evaluates: MAX9918/MAX9919/MAX9920 MAX9918 Evaluation Kit General Description Features

... connected to P1 and P2. The output voltage is subtracted from +2.5V by the same amount. ...
AR4102321325
AR4102321325

... rate of Gate control constraint is achieved by having a buffer distribution tree. Buffers without the gate control signal designed with high Vt cells (The buffers must be chosen from a set of always on buffers). When a cell switches off with respect to another, it minimizes the rush current during s ...
LT6205/LT6206/LT6207 - Single/Dual/Quad Single Supply 3V, 100MHz Video Op Amps
LT6205/LT6206/LT6207 - Single/Dual/Quad Single Supply 3V, 100MHz Video Op Amps

Olegtron R2R - a true multi-function passive utility module for every
Olegtron R2R - a true multi-function passive utility module for every

... voltages. Digital signal means in this context a signal that has got two states, LOW and HIGH, represented by two voltages, such as 0V and 5V or 0V and 8V. Eurorack modules that output gate, clock or other logic signals qualify as digital in here. If you want linearity, the input signals should be e ...
DCDC Converter SupIRBuck IR3846
DCDC Converter SupIRBuck IR3846

... 300kHz to 1.5MHz and provides the capability of optimizing the design in terms of size and performance. IR3846 provides precisely regulated output voltage programmed via two external resistors from 0.6V to 0.86*PVin. The IR3846 operates with an internal bias supply (LDO) which is connected to the VC ...
4200FA 50 kVA Guide Specifications Internal Battery
4200FA 50 kVA Guide Specifications Internal Battery

... Power shall flow through a surge absorber to prevent large transients from passing through to the load or damaging the (optional) backup battery bank. Power shall then flow through a line filter to prevent sags or surges from passing to the load. 2) CONVERTER/CHARGER - The converter shall serve to c ...
Three-phase Voltage, Asymmetry, and Phase-sequence Phase
Three-phase Voltage, Asymmetry, and Phase-sequence Phase

Statistical Technique for Classification of MUAPs for Neuromuscular
Statistical Technique for Classification of MUAPs for Neuromuscular

... is taken as maximum peak/5. A window with a consent length of 120 points is taken and slide across the point, which crosses the threshold. Then this interval is examined if a peak exists in this window then the window of 120 points is taken around this peak otherwise these 120 points are saved as ca ...
G201X / G210X User Manual
G201X / G210X User Manual

... CAUTION! Do not short the motor leads to each other or to ground; damage will result to the G201X. 4-wire, 6-wire and 8-wire motor may be used. When 6-wire motors are used, they may be connected in half winding or full winding. This is equivalent to an 8-wire motor connected in parallel or series. I ...
AD9057 数据手册DataSheet下载
AD9057 数据手册DataSheet下载

... typical application setup under the following conditions: analog input is –0.5 dBFS at 10.3 MHz, VD is 5 V, VDD is 3 V, and digital outputs are loaded with 7 pF typical (10 pF maximum). The actual dissipation will vary as these conditions are modified in user applications. TPC 7 shows typical power ...
LD7835 - Leadtrend Technology
LD7835 - Leadtrend Technology

... The maximum rating of the VCC pin is limited below 30V. To prevent VCC from damage due to fault condition, the LD7835 is implemented with OVP function on VCC pin, this value is about 28V. As soon as the VCC voltage is over OVP threshold voltage, the output gate drive circuit will be shutdown simulta ...
unit-2: field effect transistors
unit-2: field effect transistors

... substrate into which two blocks of heavily doped N-type material are diffused forming the source and drain. An N-channel is formed by diffusion between the source and drain. The type of impurity for the channel is the same as for the source and drain. Now a thin layer of SiO2 dielectric is grown ove ...
R01413661384
R01413661384

ADS8402 数据资料 dataSheet 下载
ADS8402 数据资料 dataSheet 下载

... (1) Calculated on the first nine harmonics of the input frequency (2) Can vary ±20% (3) The difference between +VA and +VBD should not be less than 2.3 V, i.e., if +VA is 5.25 V, +VBD should be minimum of 2.95 V. (4) +VBD ≥ +VA – 2.3 V (5) This includes only VA+ current. +VBD current is typically 1 ...
MP3900DK-LF-Z Datasheet
MP3900DK-LF-Z Datasheet

... peak current limiting are all provided to minimize the external component count. In a boost application, with an output voltage of less than 30V, the current sense pin can connect directly to the drain of the external switch. This eliminates the requirement for an additional current sensing element ...
Load-sharing techniques: Paralleling power modules with
Load-sharing techniques: Paralleling power modules with

... Paralleling low-current, low-voltage power modules for high-current, low-voltage applications has many benefits. Among them are: redundancy for enhanced reliability, hotswap capability, distributed heat removal, and design flexibility. Paralleling power stages requires load sharing in order to equal ...
Aalborg Universitet Voltage Ride-Through Mode
Aalborg Universitet Voltage Ride-Through Mode

HI1386 Datasheet
HI1386 Datasheet

... VRT , VRB , VRM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -2.7V to +0.5V |VRT -VRB | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5V Digital Input Voltage CLK, CLK, MINV, LINV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -4V to +0.5V |CLK-CLK | . . . . ...
How to Use Auxiliary Winding Voltage for Biasing the NCP1602
How to Use Auxiliary Winding Voltage for Biasing the NCP1602

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Pulse-width modulation



Pulse-width modulation (PWM), or pulse-duration modulation (PDM), is a modulation technique used to encode a message into a pulsing signal. Although this modulation technique can be used to encode information for transmission, its main use is to allow the control of the power supplied to electrical devices, especially to inertial loads such as motors. In addition, PWM is one of the two principal algorithms used in photovoltaic solar battery chargers, the other being MPPT.The average value of voltage (and current) fed to the load is controlled by turning the switch between supply and load on and off at a fast rate. The longer the switch is on compared to the off periods, the higher the total power supplied to the load.The PWM switching frequency has to be much higher than what would affect the load (the device that uses the power), which is to say that the resultant waveform perceived by the load must be as smooth as possible. Typically switching has to be done several times a minute in an electric stove, 120 Hz in a lamp dimmer, from few kilohertz (kHz) to tens of kHz for a motor drive and well into the tens or hundreds of kHz in audio amplifiers and computer power supplies.The term duty cycle describes the proportion of 'on' time to the regular interval or 'period' of time; a low duty cycle corresponds to low power, because the power is off for most of the time. Duty cycle is expressed in percent, 100% being fully on.The main advantage of PWM is that power loss in the switching devices is very low. When a switch is off there is practically no current, and when it is on and power is being transferred to the load, there is almost no voltage drop across the switch. Power loss, being the product of voltage and current, is thus in both cases close to zero. PWM also works well with digital controls, which, because of their on/off nature, can easily set the needed duty cycle.PWM has also been used in certain communication systems where its duty cycle has been used to convey information over a communications channel.
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