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section 15172
section 15172

... programmable to control start/stop functions, running speeds, PID parameter sets and digital output relays. CC. VFD shall provide plain language readouts of output frequency in hertz, PID feedback in percent, output voltage in volts, output current in amps, output power in kilowatts, DC bus voltage ...
XYZs of Oscilloscopes
XYZs of Oscilloscopes

... some designers deliberately seek IC devices with relatively “slow” rise times. The lumped circuit model has always been the basis of most calculations used to predict signal behavior in a circuit. But when edge speeds are more than four to six times faster than the signal path delay, the simple lump ...
S8VS (15/30/60/90/120/180/240/480-W Models)
S8VS (15/30/60/90/120/180/240/480-W Models)

... *4. To reset the protection, turn OFF the input power for three minutes or longer and then turn it back ON. *5. Displayed on 7-segment LED. (character height: 8 mm) *6. Resolution of output voltage indication: 0.1 V, Precision of output voltage indication: ±2% (percentage of output voltage value, ±1 ...
CL1 203C-2 - QRS Renewables
CL1 203C-2 - QRS Renewables

...  Excess Energy Management  Up to 5-Year Datalogging Memory ...
LTC2269 - Linear Technology
LTC2269 - Linear Technology

... Note 3: When these pin voltages are taken below GND or above VDD, they will be clamped by internal diodes. This product can handle input currents of greater than 100mA below GND or above VDD without latchup. Note 4: When these pin voltages are taken below GND they will be clamped by internal diodes. ...
Mixed-signal ICs for Body and Powertrain Electronics
Mixed-signal ICs for Body and Powertrain Electronics

MAX9814 - Part Number Search
MAX9814 - Part Number Search

... The MAX9814’s AGC controls the gain by first detecting that the output voltage has exceeded a preset limit. The microphone amplifier gain is then reduced with a selectable time constant to correct for the excessive outputvoltage amplitude. This process is known as the attack time. When the output si ...
GSC3e/LPx and GSC3f/LPx
GSC3e/LPx and GSC3f/LPx

... reacquisition tasks of GPS and SBAS. The core provides interrupts, which in turn provides measurement data to the CPU for computation of the navigation solution. The SiRFstarIII core also provides time and frequency management. This includes the basic clock counters, alarms, edge-aligned ratio count ...
LTC1263 - 12V, 60mA Flash Memory Programming Supply
LTC1263 - 12V, 60mA Flash Memory Programming Supply

... To ensure proper start-up when VOUT is lower than VCC and maintain proper operation when VOUT is higher than VCC, the gates of all internal switches are driven between GND and the higher of either VOUT or VCC. To reduce supply current, the LTC1263 may be put into shutdown mode by “floating” the SHDN ...
LT1999-10/LT1999-20/LT1999-50 - High
LT1999-10/LT1999-20/LT1999-50 - High

BD00HC0WEFJ
BD00HC0WEFJ

... (2) Connecting the power supply connector backward Connecting of the power supply in reverse polarity can damage the IC. Take precautions when connecting the power supply lines. An external direction diode can be added. (3) Power supply lines Design the PCB layout pattern to provide low impedance GN ...
TPA2035D1 数据资料 dataSheet 下载
TPA2035D1 数据资料 dataSheet 下载

... Wireless Handsets, PDAs, and other mobile devices ...
Pickups, Volume, and Tone Controls
Pickups, Volume, and Tone Controls

... Any conductor that carries current will produce a magnetic field. Wiring in the home may radiate enough 60 Hz energy that a significant voltage may be induced in a magnetic guitar pickup. This is a common source of annoying 60 Hz hum. Singlecoil pickups are especially sensitive to this interference, ...
2011 Protection Design Guide for Portable Device
2011 Protection Design Guide for Portable Device

NB7VQ14M 1.8V/2.5V/3.3V 8GHz / 14Gbps Differential 1:4 Clock / Data CML Fanout
NB7VQ14M 1.8V/2.5V/3.3V 8GHz / 14Gbps Differential 1:4 Clock / Data CML Fanout

... NOTE: Device will meet the specifications after thermal equilibrium has been established when mounted in a test socket or printed circuit board with maintained transverse airflow greater than 500 lfpm. Electrical parameters are guaranteed only over the declared operating temperature range. Functiona ...
MAX3471 1.6µA, RS-485/RS-422, Half-Duplex, Differential Transceiver for Battery-Powered Systems ________________General Description
MAX3471 1.6µA, RS-485/RS-422, Half-Duplex, Differential Transceiver for Battery-Powered Systems ________________General Description

... cables. In general, the rise time of a transmitter directly relates to the length of an unterminated stub, which can be driven with only minor waveform reflections. The following equation expresses this relationship conservatively: Length = tRISE / (10 x 1.5ns/foot) where tRISE is the transmitter’s ...
General Specification for Digital Protective Relay of MV Switchgear
General Specification for Digital Protective Relay of MV Switchgear

FRENIC-Ace Engineering Specs FECA-TE-157
FRENIC-Ace Engineering Specs FECA-TE-157

... I. The drive shall be capable of stopping the motor by the selection of DC injection braking. The braking frequency, level, and time shall be programmable. J. The drive shall contain adjustable start and stop frequencies in the range of 0Hz to 60Hz. K. In order to reduce audible motor noise the driv ...
4 Remote Interface Reference
4 Remote Interface Reference

Selection and Operation of Audio Signal Processors (English)
Selection and Operation of Audio Signal Processors (English)

... attenuation were achieved with capacitors, inductors, or a combination of both. Favorably, passive filters do not require power and do not generate noise. The large size and expense of discrete components, however, precludes the ability to develop equalizers with larger numbers of filters and more p ...
Radiation-Hard/High-Speed Parallel Optical Links  K.K. Gan, P. Buchholz,
Radiation-Hard/High-Speed Parallel Optical Links K.K. Gan, P. Buchholz,

... is evident that the jitter is somewhat larger but that the eye diagram still readily satisfies the IEEE specification. With all channels active at 5 Gb/s, the bit error rate is less than 5x10-13 and the total jitter is 65 ps at the bit error rate of 5x10-12, with the contribution of 3.1 ps from rand ...
Programmable Logic Controllers
Programmable Logic Controllers

PDF
PDF

... transformer terminals will increase the magnetizing current of a transformer. As the magnetizing current is heavily distorted, an increase in voltage magnitude will increase the waveform distortion. The light output and life of such lamps are critically affected by the voltage. The expected life len ...
MELSEC iQ-R Analog-Digital Converter Module User's Manual (Startup) -R60AD4 -R60ADV8
MELSEC iQ-R Analog-Digital Converter Module User's Manual (Startup) -R60AD4 -R60ADV8

Thermo-Flo™
Thermo-Flo™

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Pulse-width modulation



Pulse-width modulation (PWM), or pulse-duration modulation (PDM), is a modulation technique used to encode a message into a pulsing signal. Although this modulation technique can be used to encode information for transmission, its main use is to allow the control of the power supplied to electrical devices, especially to inertial loads such as motors. In addition, PWM is one of the two principal algorithms used in photovoltaic solar battery chargers, the other being MPPT.The average value of voltage (and current) fed to the load is controlled by turning the switch between supply and load on and off at a fast rate. The longer the switch is on compared to the off periods, the higher the total power supplied to the load.The PWM switching frequency has to be much higher than what would affect the load (the device that uses the power), which is to say that the resultant waveform perceived by the load must be as smooth as possible. Typically switching has to be done several times a minute in an electric stove, 120 Hz in a lamp dimmer, from few kilohertz (kHz) to tens of kHz for a motor drive and well into the tens or hundreds of kHz in audio amplifiers and computer power supplies.The term duty cycle describes the proportion of 'on' time to the regular interval or 'period' of time; a low duty cycle corresponds to low power, because the power is off for most of the time. Duty cycle is expressed in percent, 100% being fully on.The main advantage of PWM is that power loss in the switching devices is very low. When a switch is off there is practically no current, and when it is on and power is being transferred to the load, there is almost no voltage drop across the switch. Power loss, being the product of voltage and current, is thus in both cases close to zero. PWM also works well with digital controls, which, because of their on/off nature, can easily set the needed duty cycle.PWM has also been used in certain communication systems where its duty cycle has been used to convey information over a communications channel.
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