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Chapter 4 Vector Spaces

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... Suppose now that iρk and kρj . Let α ik ,α kj ∈ A with α ik ( i, k ) ≠ 0 , α kj ( k , j ) ≠ 0 . Then α = Dα α ik D k α kj D j belongs to A and α (i , j ) ≠ 0 , and thus iρj , proving the transitivity of ρ . Claim 2. The incidence algebra A( ρ ) coincides with A . The inclusion A ⊆ A( ρ ) is obvious. ...
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... is true in some generalization of the Pascal matrices which contain also integer powers of x. Such generalized Pascal matrix has the form P(x) = exH . Notice that for x = 0, x = 1 and x = −1, the generalized Pascal matrix reduces to the identity matrix, P and P−1 , respectively. In fact, from Theore ...
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Linear Vector Spaces
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Four-vector

In the theory of relativity, a four-vector or 4-vector is a vector in Minkowski space, a four-dimensional real vector space. It differs from a Euclidean vector in how its magnitude is determined. The transformations that preserve this magnitude are the Lorentz transformations, which include spatial rotations, boosts (a change by a constant velocity to another inertial reference frame), and temporal and spatial inversions. Regarded as a homogeneous space, the transformation group of Minkowski space is the Poincaré group, which adds to the Lorentz group the group of translations. The Lorentz group may be represented by 4×4 matrices.The article considers four-vectors in the context of special relativity. Although the concept of four-vectors also extends to general relativity, some of the results stated in this article require modification in general relativity.
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