• Study Resource
  • Explore Categories
    • Arts & Humanities
    • Business
    • Engineering & Technology
    • Foreign Language
    • History
    • Math
    • Science
    • Social Science

    Top subcategories

    • Advanced Math
    • Algebra
    • Basic Math
    • Calculus
    • Geometry
    • Linear Algebra
    • Pre-Algebra
    • Pre-Calculus
    • Statistics And Probability
    • Trigonometry
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Astronomy
    • Astrophysics
    • Biology
    • Chemistry
    • Earth Science
    • Environmental Science
    • Health Science
    • Physics
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Anthropology
    • Law
    • Political Science
    • Psychology
    • Sociology
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Accounting
    • Economics
    • Finance
    • Management
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Aerospace Engineering
    • Bioengineering
    • Chemical Engineering
    • Civil Engineering
    • Computer Science
    • Electrical Engineering
    • Industrial Engineering
    • Mechanical Engineering
    • Web Design
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Architecture
    • Communications
    • English
    • Gender Studies
    • Music
    • Performing Arts
    • Philosophy
    • Religious Studies
    • Writing
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Ancient History
    • European History
    • US History
    • World History
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Croatian
    • Czech
    • Finnish
    • Greek
    • Hindi
    • Japanese
    • Korean
    • Persian
    • Swedish
    • Turkish
    • other →
 
Profile Documents Logout
Upload
international investment process
international investment process

... There are special risks associated with an investment in real estate and Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs), including credit risk, interest rate fluctuations and the impact of varied economic conditions. Exchange-traded funds (ETFs) are sold by prospectus. Please consider the investment objectiv ...
Term paper for the course `Comparative macroeconomic policy`
Term paper for the course `Comparative macroeconomic policy`

... from this property it is obvious that one should worry about crises, as it is necessary to minimize economic damage caused by them. This is where there can be scope for government activities in overcoming consequences of crises. Moreover, it certainly makes sense to try to prevent crises, as long as ...
Isabel Vansteenkiste
Isabel Vansteenkiste

...  The growing importance of international asset trade  The implications of the growing role of international asset trade  Does the current account still matter?  Implications for the policy debate ...
Exchange Rate Regimes
Exchange Rate Regimes

... exchange rate, combined with restrictions on the issuing authority to ensure the fulfillment of its legal obligation. E.g. Hong Kong fixes its exchange rate with the U.S. Domestic currency is issued only against foreign exchange and remains fully backed by foreign assets. Eliminates traditional cent ...
Monetary EOCT
Monetary EOCT

... In recession, Fed increases money supply to increase aggregate demand Fed can buy bonds on open market, decrease RRR or discount rate  most ...
Fixed.v.s.floating 2012
Fixed.v.s.floating 2012

... that offsets the original disturbance. It is more optimal to change one price, the exchange rate, rather than many prices, or wages, which are sticky in the short run. ...
Class Notes Econ 410 (International Economics)
Class Notes Econ 410 (International Economics)

... from other countries into the country with a higher interest rate. Also, the appreciation of one country's currency implies depreciation of currencies of other countries. This stimulates exports from other countries to the country that started a tight monetary policy. As a result wages & prices in o ...
The Dominican Republic
The Dominican Republic

... Accordingly, the Argentine convertibility system’s reputation as a currency board is a classic case of mistaken identity.19 A currency board in the Dominican Republic would be forced to start with less than 100 percent net foreign reserve coverage against its monetary base. It would not even have 10 ...
Real Exchange Rate, Monetary Policy and Employment: Economic
Real Exchange Rate, Monetary Policy and Employment: Economic

... Resource allocation (including employment). ...
Currency Manipulation, the US Economy
Currency Manipulation, the US Economy

... Trade balance improvement is essential if the United States is to reduce its high unemployment and underutilized capacity at a satisfactory rate, under current and prospective macroeconomic policies at home and abroad. Fiscal consolidation will be essential for as long as a decade and hence will dra ...
The Euro, the Dollar, and the International
The Euro, the Dollar, and the International

... euro vis-à-vis the dollar. Some, such as Tietmeyer, suggested official interventions in the foreign exchange market to strengthen the euro, while Strauss-Khan favored the setting up of bands of allowed fluctuations for the euro-dollar exchange rate. Neither of these policies would probably have ach ...
Price Adjustment Mechanism with the Gold Standard
Price Adjustment Mechanism with the Gold Standard

... rate caused by an increase in demand for foreign exchange will cause the central bank to sell foreign exchange.  This reduces the money supply, thereby triggering adjustments to interest rates, income, and prices. ...
Principles of Economic Growth
Principles of Economic Growth

... policy response determines if real appreciation of currency will take place through inflation or nominal appreciation If foreign currency is used to increase Central Bank reserves, increased spending on nontradables increases money supply and inflation, so currency appreciates in real terms  If Cen ...
4 Lectures on the €uropean crisis
4 Lectures on the €uropean crisis

... Corporative social-democracy and mercantilism • Interestingly, the Bundesbank’s credibility was reinforced by the export-led model, given the concentration of the strongest trade union in the export sectors: “The German case also suggests that the effectiveness of such signalling mechanisms may be ...
global currency outlook - RBC Global Asset Management
global currency outlook - RBC Global Asset Management

... is correcting from an extremely undervalued position. Valuations can be estimated in a variety of ways. Our favoured measure is the simple purchasing power parity model, which evaluates whether a basket of goods is attractively priced in one country relative to another. The model assumes that both c ...
File
File

... • If central banks were no longer obliged to intervene in currency markets to fix exchange rates, authorities would be able to use monetary policy to reach internal and external balance. • Further, no country would be forced to import inflation (or deflation) from abroad. ...
International Finance and the Foreign Exchange
International Finance and the Foreign Exchange

... in the U.S. by Pemex (the Mexican oil company) as a result of a Mexican oil discovery? (b) An increase in the U.S. purchase of crude from Mexico as a result of development of Mexican oil fields? (c) Higher real interest rates in Mexico, inducing U.S. citizens to move their financial investments from ...
Final - Second Semester 2011/2012 International Accounting The
Final - Second Semester 2011/2012 International Accounting The

... 7. Currency Translation is the process of a. Hedging a foreign currency against exchange rate fluctuations. b. Aggregating the foreign currency with the local currency. c. Expressing amounts stated in a foreign currency in the currency of the reporting entity. d. Converting the holding company’s fin ...
Monetary Policy Cooperation between China and the
Monetary Policy Cooperation between China and the

... inflation is more suitable to act as the nominal monetary policy anchor than CPI inflation. This aim is of more importance to the decision makers in China especially in the crisis time. The stability of employment seems interchangeable with the stability of the whole society. Thus, the expansionary ...
James Dorn IN A GLOBAL ECONOMY
James Dorn IN A GLOBAL ECONOMY

... creation ofgovernment fiat moneywouldhelp achieve monetaiystability. In such an environment, the market would sort out prudent and foolish decisions and, thereby, act as a disciplinary force on financial institutions (see Bordo and Schwartz 1989: 26—34). A market-based approach to financial regulati ...
Session 12: Managing an Open Economy
Session 12: Managing an Open Economy

... external balance. Thus there is no logic in macroeconomics suggesting that one particular policy should be assigned to one particular goal. In practice, the central bank might use the exchange rate to achieve external balance while the ministry of finance uses budget for internal balance. But if th ...
Principles of Macroeconomics
Principles of Macroeconomics

... – Trade surplus leads to inflows of specie to country. – This will increase the country’s money supply – This in turn will result in higher prices, reducing competitiveness of country’s goods. – This will result in falling trade surplus. – Exact opposite occurs in trading partner. – Trade surplus/de ...
1 Currency Areas, Exchange Rate Systems and
1 Currency Areas, Exchange Rate Systems and

... 100) in 1920 to 140 in 1921. The Federal Reserve then shifted to a policy of stabilizing the price level and it remained more or less constant until 1919. Thus, during the 1920s, the US price level was about 40 per cent above the pre-war gold-standard equilibrium. All other countries gradually got r ...
Open-Economy Macroeconomics
Open-Economy Macroeconomics

... rates.  Purchasing-power parity is a theory of exchange rates whereby a unit of any given currency should be able to buy the same quantity of goods in all countries.  According to the purchasing-power parity theory, a unit of any given currency should be able to buy the same quantity of goods in a ...
Slide 1
Slide 1

...  Country which has relatively little involvement in the global capital market  Coutries with high level of foreign reserves.  Countries with flexible labour market. ...
< 1 ... 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 ... 139 >

Bretton Woods system

The Bretton Woods system of monetary management established the rules for commercial and financial relations among the United States, Canada, Western Europe, Australasia and Japan in the mid-20th century. The Bretton Woods system was the first example of a fully negotiated monetary order intended to govern monetary relations among independent nation-states. The chief features of the Bretton Woods system were an obligation for each country to adopt a monetary policy that maintained the exchange rate by tying its currency to gold and the ability of the IMF to bridge temporary imbalances of payments. Also, there was a need to address the lack of cooperation among other countries and to prevent competitive devaluation of the currencies as well.Preparing to rebuild the international economic system while World War II was still raging, 730 delegates from all 44 Allied nations gathered at the Mount Washington Hotel in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, United States, for the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference, also known as the Bretton Woods Conference. The delegates deliberated during 1–22 July 1944, and signed the Bretton Woods agreement on its final day. Setting up a system of rules, institutions, and procedures to regulate the international monetary system, these accords established the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), which today is part of the World Bank Group. The United States, which controlled two thirds of the world's gold, insisted that the Bretton Woods system rest on both gold and the US dollar. Soviet representatives attended the conference but later declined to ratify the final agreements, charging that the institutions they had created were ""branches of Wall Street."" These organizations became operational in 1945 after a sufficient number of countries had ratified the agreement.On 15 August 1971, the United States unilaterally terminated convertibility of the US dollar to gold, effectively bringing the Bretton Woods system to an end and rendering the dollar a fiat currency. This action, referred to as the Nixon shock, created the situation in which the United States dollar became a reserve currency used by many states. At the same time, many fixed currencies (such as the pound sterling, for example), also became free-floating.
  • studyres.com © 2026
  • DMCA
  • Privacy
  • Terms
  • Report