100 Percent Reserve Banking and the Path to a
... along. Proponents of debt money referred to the gold standard as gold shackles. But it was debt and paper money that have led to frequent financial crises after the gold standard was abolished (e.g., Greece 2009–2015, US and Eurozone 2009–2015, etc.). Moreover, debt-money system cannot stand on its ...
... along. Proponents of debt money referred to the gold standard as gold shackles. But it was debt and paper money that have led to frequent financial crises after the gold standard was abolished (e.g., Greece 2009–2015, US and Eurozone 2009–2015, etc.). Moreover, debt-money system cannot stand on its ...
Dollar-Euro Exchange Rate 1999-2004
... depreciated since its introduction steadily and without any major interruption until February 2002. Then it began to rise against Dollar smoothly and reached a height of 0.74 Euros to 1 US$ in December 2004 (see table 1). Three years of depreciation of the Euro followed by three years of appreciatio ...
... depreciated since its introduction steadily and without any major interruption until February 2002. Then it began to rise against Dollar smoothly and reached a height of 0.74 Euros to 1 US$ in December 2004 (see table 1). Three years of depreciation of the Euro followed by three years of appreciatio ...
Exchange Rate Regimes in East Asia – Recent Trends
... adopting a similar type of exchange rate system. An objective of this paper is to investigate recent diverging trend in East Asian currencies by using both and convergence methods that were proposed by Adam et al. (2002). These methods enable us to understand whether East Asian currencies conver ...
... adopting a similar type of exchange rate system. An objective of this paper is to investigate recent diverging trend in East Asian currencies by using both and convergence methods that were proposed by Adam et al. (2002). These methods enable us to understand whether East Asian currencies conver ...
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES THE NIXON SHOCK AFTER FORTY YEARS:
... “devaluation” of the dollar. In addition, it was thought that other countries would respond by simply devaluing their currencies against gold by the same amount, leaving bilateral exchange rates unchanged. The rekindling of long dormant protectionist pressures was also closely associated with the ba ...
... “devaluation” of the dollar. In addition, it was thought that other countries would respond by simply devaluing their currencies against gold by the same amount, leaving bilateral exchange rates unchanged. The rekindling of long dormant protectionist pressures was also closely associated with the ba ...
Demand Imbalances, Exchange-Rate Misalignments, and Monetary Policy
... Standard incomplete markets model yielding misalignments and demand imbalances even with ‡exible price I I ...
... Standard incomplete markets model yielding misalignments and demand imbalances even with ‡exible price I I ...
Reserve Bank Monetary Policy Statement 1st October 2007
... as it must be, in terms of Section 46 of the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe Act [Chapter 22:15]. Although the said Section of the Act stipulates that the Governor ought to issue his statement at least in December and June every year, and given that we are now in October, I am pleased to report that approp ...
... as it must be, in terms of Section 46 of the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe Act [Chapter 22:15]. Although the said Section of the Act stipulates that the Governor ought to issue his statement at least in December and June every year, and given that we are now in October, I am pleased to report that approp ...
Common Currency Arrangements for East Asia
... leaving them vulnerable to changes in investor sentiment. This experience has been taken to show the folly of a country tying its currency to that of only one of its several major trading partners: so long as the major currencies move by large amounts against each other, a country which exports to a ...
... leaving them vulnerable to changes in investor sentiment. This experience has been taken to show the folly of a country tying its currency to that of only one of its several major trading partners: so long as the major currencies move by large amounts against each other, a country which exports to a ...
1 Financial Instability, Reserves, and Central Bank Swap Lines in
... For nearly two decades, the group of emerging-market countries increased its holdings of liquid foreign exchange reserves, both in dollar terms and relative to domestic income levels. That trend accelerated in the early 2000s, but it may be ending now as the emerging economies struggle in the backw ...
... For nearly two decades, the group of emerging-market countries increased its holdings of liquid foreign exchange reserves, both in dollar terms and relative to domestic income levels. That trend accelerated in the early 2000s, but it may be ending now as the emerging economies struggle in the backw ...
- ANU Repository
... more profitable, can be financed from abroad. Thus a liberalising economy is likely to experience a large investment boom. If this investment boom causes an increase in stockmarket valuations, it can easily induce a companion consumption boom, when the more wealthy consumers spend some of their gain ...
... more profitable, can be financed from abroad. Thus a liberalising economy is likely to experience a large investment boom. If this investment boom causes an increase in stockmarket valuations, it can easily induce a companion consumption boom, when the more wealthy consumers spend some of their gain ...
Dual-Currency Economies as Multiple-Payment Systems
... match of agents yields a payoff, since money holders who meet money holders do not trade currencies and because trading currency 1 for currency 2 plus some goods is ruled out by assumption. For the sellers, equation (3) is the expected return from producing qi for a unit of currency i and then rever ...
... match of agents yields a payoff, since money holders who meet money holders do not trade currencies and because trading currency 1 for currency 2 plus some goods is ruled out by assumption. For the sellers, equation (3) is the expected return from producing qi for a unit of currency i and then rever ...
Full Article
... British currency (USD / GBP) which do not affect the national income. Where it has been stated previously that the variable exchange rates Indonesia with United States currency (GBP / USD), Currency Exchange Indonesia with the European currency (USD / EUR), and currency exchange rate Indonesia with ...
... British currency (USD / GBP) which do not affect the national income. Where it has been stated previously that the variable exchange rates Indonesia with United States currency (GBP / USD), Currency Exchange Indonesia with the European currency (USD / EUR), and currency exchange rate Indonesia with ...
Do You Mind if I Round?: Eliminating the Penny A Structural Analysis∗
... current expenditures to nominal gross domestic product in the United States between 1947:Q1 and 2013:Q1, which is 0.1971. We also calibrate the net interest rate in the model r to be 1.04, which matches the average one-year Treasury constant maturity rate between January 1987 and May 2013. We calibr ...
... current expenditures to nominal gross domestic product in the United States between 1947:Q1 and 2013:Q1, which is 0.1971. We also calibrate the net interest rate in the model r to be 1.04, which matches the average one-year Treasury constant maturity rate between January 1987 and May 2013. We calibr ...
This PDF is a selection from a published volume from... National Bureau of Economic Research
... times of contracting for goods and paying for them are also eliminated, and could well increase trade among the member countries. For example, Rose (2000) estimates that the volume of trade within currency unions is three times greater than the members would conduct in the absence of a union. Though ...
... times of contracting for goods and paying for them are also eliminated, and could well increase trade among the member countries. For example, Rose (2000) estimates that the volume of trade within currency unions is three times greater than the members would conduct in the absence of a union. Though ...
Introduction
... deficits through 2008, some of large magnitudes relative to GDP Beginning in 2009, these current account deficits began to shrink © Kenneth A. Reinert, Cambridge University Press 2012 ...
... deficits through 2008, some of large magnitudes relative to GDP Beginning in 2009, these current account deficits began to shrink © Kenneth A. Reinert, Cambridge University Press 2012 ...
Singapore`s Exchange Rate Policy - Monetary Authority of Singapore
... • Prior to the mid-80s, the current account was in deficit. But even then, the overall balance of payments was in surplus. The current account deficit was the result of imports of capital goods, financed by foreign direct investment. ...
... • Prior to the mid-80s, the current account was in deficit. But even then, the overall balance of payments was in surplus. The current account deficit was the result of imports of capital goods, financed by foreign direct investment. ...
Currency boards and the euro – An “international role of the euro
... integration with the euro area. Section 6 concludes that the high level of integration mitigates the cost paid by countries that have adopted a euro-based currency board and foregone the use of an independent monetary policy, limiting their ability to counter asymmetric shocks through nominal exchan ...
... integration with the euro area. Section 6 concludes that the high level of integration mitigates the cost paid by countries that have adopted a euro-based currency board and foregone the use of an independent monetary policy, limiting their ability to counter asymmetric shocks through nominal exchan ...
agenda - Hoover Institution
... reserves? How should it adapt to such technological changes in asset markets and private payment systems? What should the Fed and monetary policy know/do about blockchain and other payment technologies? How can we open up the US payments system so all of us have instant electronic transactions at mu ...
... reserves? How should it adapt to such technological changes in asset markets and private payment systems? What should the Fed and monetary policy know/do about blockchain and other payment technologies? How can we open up the US payments system so all of us have instant electronic transactions at mu ...
CHAP1.WP (Word5)
... economy and reduce the future standard of living. Also explain the concept of “net revaluations” in the context of international investment, because this breaks the tight link between the current account and the change in net international investment and explains why the large current account defici ...
... economy and reduce the future standard of living. Also explain the concept of “net revaluations” in the context of international investment, because this breaks the tight link between the current account and the change in net international investment and explains why the large current account defici ...
single central bank: macroeconomic costs and benefits for the
... Member States to attain the set convergence criteria and maintain them despite several internal and external shocks. The key factor and driver to achieving the convergence criteria has been harmonization of policies in the region. However, meaningful harmonization can only be achieved if a careful a ...
... Member States to attain the set convergence criteria and maintain them despite several internal and external shocks. The key factor and driver to achieving the convergence criteria has been harmonization of policies in the region. However, meaningful harmonization can only be achieved if a careful a ...
Sequencing Asian Regionalism: Theory and Lessons from Europe
... basic logic is simple to illustrate with historical examples. In 1947, when the GATT entered into force, tariffs were very high, almost as high as they were in the ‘terrible ‘30s’. When tariffs were set in the 1930s they balanced the supply and demand for protection in the political market inside ea ...
... basic logic is simple to illustrate with historical examples. In 1947, when the GATT entered into force, tariffs were very high, almost as high as they were in the ‘terrible ‘30s’. When tariffs were set in the 1930s they balanced the supply and demand for protection in the political market inside ea ...
Trade Base Currency
... exchange rate will be identified as EUR/USD; the number is the amount of US dollars that can be traded for one euro. The currency hierarchy for the majors is as follows: ...
... exchange rate will be identified as EUR/USD; the number is the amount of US dollars that can be traded for one euro. The currency hierarchy for the majors is as follows: ...
Monetary and Fiscal Operations in the People`s Republic of China
... It should be noted, however, that excessive government spending does raise the prospect of fueling inflation. As such, it is not the purpose of this paper to necessarily argue for greater government spending in the PRC. Rather, we will argue that, holding total spending across all sectors constant, ...
... It should be noted, however, that excessive government spending does raise the prospect of fueling inflation. As such, it is not the purpose of this paper to necessarily argue for greater government spending in the PRC. Rather, we will argue that, holding total spending across all sectors constant, ...
INSTITUTE OF ECONOMIC STUDIES
... A consensus has emerged that the sole medium term macroeconomic objective of monetary policy is price stability. However, the interrelationship between monetary policy and financial stability is receiving increased attention. These twin objectives often are subject to the same forces, where policies ...
... A consensus has emerged that the sole medium term macroeconomic objective of monetary policy is price stability. However, the interrelationship between monetary policy and financial stability is receiving increased attention. These twin objectives often are subject to the same forces, where policies ...
Exchange Rate
... peso, whether it is appreciating or depreciating; rather, its objective is to smooth out volatility in the exchange rates. Assume that there is an artificially strong demand for dollars which is causing the exchange rate to weaken. The BSP can suppress speculation by selling dollars to moderate the ...
... peso, whether it is appreciating or depreciating; rather, its objective is to smooth out volatility in the exchange rates. Assume that there is an artificially strong demand for dollars which is causing the exchange rate to weaken. The BSP can suppress speculation by selling dollars to moderate the ...
Exchange-Rate Stabilization in Mid-1930s
... mid-April 1933, when the dollar was unpegged from gold.' During this period, when sterling was under strong upward pressure, British official holdings of gold and foreign exchange increased by more than one-half.2 Since a substantial proportion of this reserve gain reflected dollar accumulations in, ...
... mid-April 1933, when the dollar was unpegged from gold.' During this period, when sterling was under strong upward pressure, British official holdings of gold and foreign exchange increased by more than one-half.2 Since a substantial proportion of this reserve gain reflected dollar accumulations in, ...