• Study Resource
  • Explore Categories
    • Arts & Humanities
    • Business
    • Engineering & Technology
    • Foreign Language
    • History
    • Math
    • Science
    • Social Science

    Top subcategories

    • Advanced Math
    • Algebra
    • Basic Math
    • Calculus
    • Geometry
    • Linear Algebra
    • Pre-Algebra
    • Pre-Calculus
    • Statistics And Probability
    • Trigonometry
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Astronomy
    • Astrophysics
    • Biology
    • Chemistry
    • Earth Science
    • Environmental Science
    • Health Science
    • Physics
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Anthropology
    • Law
    • Political Science
    • Psychology
    • Sociology
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Accounting
    • Economics
    • Finance
    • Management
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Aerospace Engineering
    • Bioengineering
    • Chemical Engineering
    • Civil Engineering
    • Computer Science
    • Electrical Engineering
    • Industrial Engineering
    • Mechanical Engineering
    • Web Design
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Architecture
    • Communications
    • English
    • Gender Studies
    • Music
    • Performing Arts
    • Philosophy
    • Religious Studies
    • Writing
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Ancient History
    • European History
    • US History
    • World History
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Croatian
    • Czech
    • Finnish
    • Greek
    • Hindi
    • Japanese
    • Korean
    • Persian
    • Swedish
    • Turkish
    • other →
 
Profile Documents Logout
Upload
Argentina`s Economic Crisis: Causes and Cures (English)
Argentina`s Economic Crisis: Causes and Cures (English)

... In 1998, Argentina entered what turned out to be a four-year depression, during which its economy shrank 28 percent. Argentina’s experience has been cited as an example of the failure of free markets and fixed exchange rates, among other things. The evidence does not support those views. Rather, bad ...
Navigation - Zentrum für Europäische Integrationsforschung
Navigation - Zentrum für Europäische Integrationsforschung

... the global portfolio, that the euro would catch about 40 percent as well and other currencies such as the yen the remainder. He expects that, globally, the shift in official and private holdings of financial assets could amount to up to one trillion US-dollars in favour of the euro. That might lead ...
Monetary Policy Frameworks in the SAARC
Monetary Policy Frameworks in the SAARC

... unemployment did not last long as the later research showed that the best contribution monetary policy can make to long term economic growth and social welfare is by ensuring price stability.1 As a result, price stability emerged as a primary objective of monetary policy of most central banks. Mahad ...
Chapter 10 8e SM
Chapter 10 8e SM

... in a high inflation country, remeasurement gains and losses are reported in income. Companies might want to hedge their balance sheet exposure in this situation to avoid the adverse impact remeasurement losses can have on consolidated income and earnings per share. The paradox in hedging balance she ...
Currency Crises, Capital Account Liberalization
Currency Crises, Capital Account Liberalization

... The appropriate pace of deregulation of domestic financial markets also has been of concern, even in many industrial countries. The United States, Japan, and Sweden, among others, all have experienced some domestic financial instability following deregulation of domestic financial institutions. ...
Losing Our Marbles in the New Century? Perspective
Losing Our Marbles in the New Century? Perspective

... them better, simple extrapolation of these trends may be ill advised. On adjustment we examine the behavior of current accounts and the processes associated with current account reversals for a broad sample of countries between 1880 and 1913. We attempt to verify whether there are any differences be ...
DANIEL AMOAH_Feasibility Study of a Single Currency
DANIEL AMOAH_Feasibility Study of a Single Currency

... The formation of a Monetary Union by the West African Monetary Zone has been in pursuance for more than a decade. The WAMZ is made up of six countries in West Africa; The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria and Sierra Leone. One significant benefit from using a common currency is the lower costs ...
Monetary Magic? How the Fed Improved the Flexibility of the
Monetary Magic? How the Fed Improved the Flexibility of the

... aggregate demand. As discussed in Woodford (2003), Amato and Shin (2003), and Mankiw and Reis (2001), and building on original insights by Lucas (1972) and Phelps (1983), persistent real effects of nominal shocks can also be generated in a model that assumes that fully rational individuals have only ...
This PDF is a selection from an out-of-print volume from... of Economic Research
This PDF is a selection from an out-of-print volume from... of Economic Research

... rates. In the early 1980s more than 40 IMF members had at least one multiple currency practice, and in its 1984 review the IMF (p. 37) noted: During 1983, as in 1980-82, about one-third of the Fund’s members engaged in multiple currency practices, although on a trdde-weighted basis the proportion of ...
mmi06 sturm  1923488 en
mmi06 sturm 1923488 en

... comprehensive summary of the policy-relevant assessment of economic developments. It is structured along the lines of the ECB’s monetary policy strategy and agreed by the Governing Council.” Thus, the information provided in the introductory statement allows answering a number of questions. For ins ...
Compendium “Monetary Policy Frameworks and
Compendium “Monetary Policy Frameworks and

... The Governing Council has discretion to expand the list of eligible assets; only limited by art. 18.1 of ESCB Statute requesting “adequate collateral”; “adequate” depends on the context (emergency liquidity assistance is done according to national rules). Not in the very short-term. Eligible collate ...
No. 86
No. 86

... monetary union, where taxes can additionally substitute for the role of the nominal exchange rate, e.g. in inducing expenditure switching effects. In this way, optimal fiscal policy can compensate at least partially for the loss of country-specific monetary policy as a stabilization instrument, ther ...
Community Currency Systems
Community Currency Systems

... Nowadays governments create money either directly by simply printing money, or indirectly by selling its bonds to commercial banks who use it as a legal reserve to issue more loans. In 1944, before the end of World War II, the major Western powers considered monetary stability as a absolute conditio ...
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES THE SIMPLE GEOMETRY OF TRANSMISSION AND STABILIZATION
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES THE SIMPLE GEOMETRY OF TRANSMISSION AND STABILIZATION

... imperfectly competitive labor and/or product markets and nominal rigidities. An explicit attempt to provide a synthesis between elements from real business cycle models and shortrun ‘Keynesian’wage and/or price inertias is the minimum common denominator of the vast array of ‘Dynamic Stochastic Gener ...
The US dollar shortage in global banking and the international
The US dollar shortage in global banking and the international

... September 2008, many banks faced severe difficulties securing short-term US dollar funding. In response, central banks around the world adopted extraordinary policy measures, including international swap arrangements with the US Federal Reserve, to enable them to provide US dollars to commercial ban ...
Circumventing the Zero Lower Bound with Monetary
Circumventing the Zero Lower Bound with Monetary

... about the demand for money but, instead, it describes highly inelastic schedules for the demand and supply of loans with respect to a short-term rate interest rate. Moreover, interest rates are low not because monetary policy has been excessively expansionary: Interest rates are low because monetary ...
Risk-Premia, Carry-Trade Dynamics, and Economic Value of
Risk-Premia, Carry-Trade Dynamics, and Economic Value of

... Empirically, we find support for speculative UIP and the existence of a risk-premium, the omission of which results in the forward bias puzzle. Carry-traders are able to collect risk-premia and to generate positive excess returns. Whereas the economic value of these excess returns is limited for bil ...
Macroeconomic Issues in Small States and
Macroeconomic Issues in Small States and

... financial support, and capacity building. Partly because many small states are on extended Article IV consultation cycles, Fund operational spending on small (and, especially, micro) states is well below that on larger countries (though not in per capita terms). Country teams for small states also t ...
The role of house prices in the monetary policy transmission
The role of house prices in the monetary policy transmission

... the exchange rate may be a relevant candidate. It plays a significant part in the formulation of monetary policy in the open economy (being an important influence on the overall level of prices), and is itself also influenced by monetary policy. Hence, monetary policy and exchange rate interactions may ...
DIFFERENCES IN EXCHANGE RATE PASS
DIFFERENCES IN EXCHANGE RATE PASS

... The distribution of non-euro area imports also varies widely across different product categories. Electric and electronic machinery, Basic manufactures and Mineral fuels account for the largest portion of non-euro area imports across all countries in the euro area. However, the shares of the various ...
1 Cross-Hedging Commodity Currencies
1 Cross-Hedging Commodity Currencies

... reduction and profit motives of the hedger (Castellino, 1992). Again, a number of effectiveness measures have been proposed in the literature including the Sharpe (1994) measure, which has been widely adopted in hedging literature (Brailsford, Corrigan and Heaney, 2001), and the HBS measure of Howar ...
foreign exchange risk
foreign exchange risk

... Foreign currency fluctuations are one of the key sources of risk in multinational operations. Consider the case of Dell Inc., which operates assembly plants for its computers within the United States as well as in Ireland, Malaysia, China, and Brazil; runs offices and call centers in several other c ...
A Balance Sheet Approach to Financial Crisis - Mark Allen
A Balance Sheet Approach to Financial Crisis - Mark Allen

... Our framework for assessing balance sheet risks focuses on four types of balance sheet mismatches, all of which help to determine a country’s ability to service debt in the face of shocks: (i) maturity mismatches, where a gap between liabilities due in the short term and liquid assets leaves a secto ...
US-Europe Economic Interdependence and Policy
US-Europe Economic Interdependence and Policy

... except in steady state. However, this is not sufficient to cause overshooting of the dollar exchange rate following policy shocks. Adjustment in real variables removes the need for nominal exchange rate overshooting to re-equilibrate markets. Starting from a zero-asset holding position, unexpected m ...
Exchange Rates, Economic Integration and the International
Exchange Rates, Economic Integration and the International

... Exchange Rates, Economic Integration and the International Economy, that took place at Ryerson University, Toronto, May 17-19, 2002. At the conference, 47 papers were presented along with two roundtable sessions: (a) “NAFTA, Borders and Trade’’ paneled by Werner Antweiler (University of British Colu ...
< 1 ... 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 ... 139 >

Bretton Woods system

The Bretton Woods system of monetary management established the rules for commercial and financial relations among the United States, Canada, Western Europe, Australasia and Japan in the mid-20th century. The Bretton Woods system was the first example of a fully negotiated monetary order intended to govern monetary relations among independent nation-states. The chief features of the Bretton Woods system were an obligation for each country to adopt a monetary policy that maintained the exchange rate by tying its currency to gold and the ability of the IMF to bridge temporary imbalances of payments. Also, there was a need to address the lack of cooperation among other countries and to prevent competitive devaluation of the currencies as well.Preparing to rebuild the international economic system while World War II was still raging, 730 delegates from all 44 Allied nations gathered at the Mount Washington Hotel in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, United States, for the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference, also known as the Bretton Woods Conference. The delegates deliberated during 1–22 July 1944, and signed the Bretton Woods agreement on its final day. Setting up a system of rules, institutions, and procedures to regulate the international monetary system, these accords established the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), which today is part of the World Bank Group. The United States, which controlled two thirds of the world's gold, insisted that the Bretton Woods system rest on both gold and the US dollar. Soviet representatives attended the conference but later declined to ratify the final agreements, charging that the institutions they had created were ""branches of Wall Street."" These organizations became operational in 1945 after a sufficient number of countries had ratified the agreement.On 15 August 1971, the United States unilaterally terminated convertibility of the US dollar to gold, effectively bringing the Bretton Woods system to an end and rendering the dollar a fiat currency. This action, referred to as the Nixon shock, created the situation in which the United States dollar became a reserve currency used by many states. At the same time, many fixed currencies (such as the pound sterling, for example), also became free-floating.
  • studyres.com © 2026
  • DMCA
  • Privacy
  • Terms
  • Report