Building social and ecological resilience to climate
... In addition to acting as the planet’s heat sink, the oceans have absorbed approximately onethird of the carbon dioxide produced by human activities. The absorption of anthropogenic CO2 has acidified the surface layers of the ocean, with a steady decrease of 0.02 pH units per decade over the past 30 ...
... In addition to acting as the planet’s heat sink, the oceans have absorbed approximately onethird of the carbon dioxide produced by human activities. The absorption of anthropogenic CO2 has acidified the surface layers of the ocean, with a steady decrease of 0.02 pH units per decade over the past 30 ...
Lesson I: Why the Oceans are Important!
... • The oceans contain 99 percent of the living space on the planet. The Pacific Ocean is 25% larger than all the land areas combined. • Coral is used in place of bone grafts, its structure is close to that of human bone. • The average depth of the ocean is 3800 meters (about 2 miles) • The deepest pl ...
... • The oceans contain 99 percent of the living space on the planet. The Pacific Ocean is 25% larger than all the land areas combined. • Coral is used in place of bone grafts, its structure is close to that of human bone. • The average depth of the ocean is 3800 meters (about 2 miles) • The deepest pl ...
Fall 2011 - Ocean and Resources Engineering
... living alone, managing time difference for skype talks, became a student again, met new people, learned new culture, got used to my new job, and even started to talk little bit of Pidgin language. In a very short time that I haven’t noticed, I have embraced my Ohana and live happily ever after. I ha ...
... living alone, managing time difference for skype talks, became a student again, met new people, learned new culture, got used to my new job, and even started to talk little bit of Pidgin language. In a very short time that I haven’t noticed, I have embraced my Ohana and live happily ever after. I ha ...
Sediment Deposition Supports Seafloor Spreading
... down through the water. Microfossils are fossilized microscopic organisms. Common 1500 m types include nannofossils, foraminifers, and diatoms. When microfossils are the major component of basement the sediment, then that sediment can be called an ooze. The sediment layer can be up to 2000 meters th ...
... down through the water. Microfossils are fossilized microscopic organisms. Common 1500 m types include nannofossils, foraminifers, and diatoms. When microfossils are the major component of basement the sediment, then that sediment can be called an ooze. The sediment layer can be up to 2000 meters th ...
Lecture 2
... Do conservative major ions have a constant concentration in the ocean? Q Law of Constant Proportions (major ion/S‰ = constant) Knudsen equation ( S = 0.030 + 1.8050 Cl‰) More recently (S‰ = 1.8065 Cl‰) The Law breaks down in estuaries, evaporite basins, hydrothermal vents. Q ...
... Do conservative major ions have a constant concentration in the ocean? Q Law of Constant Proportions (major ion/S‰ = constant) Knudsen equation ( S = 0.030 + 1.8050 Cl‰) More recently (S‰ = 1.8065 Cl‰) The Law breaks down in estuaries, evaporite basins, hydrothermal vents. Q ...
Massive Sulphides – Resources from the Deep Sea
... a food chain based on this chemosynthesis, uniquely adap- ...
... a food chain based on this chemosynthesis, uniquely adap- ...
Earth Science 16.1 Ocean Circulation
... It’s temperature and salinity remain relatively unchanged during the time it is in the deep ocean. Because of this, oceanographers can track the movements of density currents in the deep ocean. By knowing the temperature, density, and salinity of a water mass; scientists are able to map the slow cir ...
... It’s temperature and salinity remain relatively unchanged during the time it is in the deep ocean. Because of this, oceanographers can track the movements of density currents in the deep ocean. By knowing the temperature, density, and salinity of a water mass; scientists are able to map the slow cir ...
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... Winds and ocean currents both distribute energy (in the form of heat) received from the sun. Additionally, winds and atmospheric circulation are highly effective at transporting water vapor, either away from an area as it evaporates, or bringing it to an area in moisture-laden air masses which yield ...
... Winds and ocean currents both distribute energy (in the form of heat) received from the sun. Additionally, winds and atmospheric circulation are highly effective at transporting water vapor, either away from an area as it evaporates, or bringing it to an area in moisture-laden air masses which yield ...
the Central Equatorial Pacific West of the East Pacific Rise
... both north-south and east-west, that were drilled on Legs 5, 7, 8, 9, 16, and 17 to provide a regional grid of approximately twenty-five sites between the crest of the East Pacific Rise and the Line Islands and between 25°N and 12°S latitude. This grid forms the basis for a tectonic study of this pa ...
... both north-south and east-west, that were drilled on Legs 5, 7, 8, 9, 16, and 17 to provide a regional grid of approximately twenty-five sites between the crest of the East Pacific Rise and the Line Islands and between 25°N and 12°S latitude. This grid forms the basis for a tectonic study of this pa ...
Satellite Oceanography: Ocean color
... “ocean + atmosphere”. The atmosphere is 90% of the signal in the ‘blue’ segment of the spectrum, and it must be accurately modeled and removed. • Some of the atmospheric effects that are included in visible “atmospheric correction” for retrieval of ocean water leaving radiance or reflectance include ...
... “ocean + atmosphere”. The atmosphere is 90% of the signal in the ‘blue’ segment of the spectrum, and it must be accurately modeled and removed. • Some of the atmospheric effects that are included in visible “atmospheric correction” for retrieval of ocean water leaving radiance or reflectance include ...
The Changing Ocean Carbon Cycle - Assets
... estimate by –% through the s and s, the original estimate and accompanying schematic of Koblentz-Mishke et al. remain popular choices in many overview and synthesis chapters and books, probably because of the power conveyed with the single global map. Interestingly, though, although de ...
... estimate by –% through the s and s, the original estimate and accompanying schematic of Koblentz-Mishke et al. remain popular choices in many overview and synthesis chapters and books, probably because of the power conveyed with the single global map. Interestingly, though, although de ...
DELU-E-00-002 - the National Sea Grant Library
... of Guam, lies the deepest point on Earth. This point — referred to as the Challenger Deep — plunges to a depth of nearly 7 miles. In 1960, the Trieste, a manned submersible owned by the U.S. Navy, descended to the bottom of the Mariana Trench. There, the pressure from the weight of the vast ocean ab ...
... of Guam, lies the deepest point on Earth. This point — referred to as the Challenger Deep — plunges to a depth of nearly 7 miles. In 1960, the Trieste, a manned submersible owned by the U.S. Navy, descended to the bottom of the Mariana Trench. There, the pressure from the weight of the vast ocean ab ...
An inverse model for calculation of global volume Fan, Chenwu
... The P-vector inverse method has been successfully used to invert the absolute velocity from hydrographic data for the extraequatorial hemispheres, but not for the equatorial region since it is based on the geostrophic balance. A smooth interpolation scheme across the equator is developed in this stu ...
... The P-vector inverse method has been successfully used to invert the absolute velocity from hydrographic data for the extraequatorial hemispheres, but not for the equatorial region since it is based on the geostrophic balance. A smooth interpolation scheme across the equator is developed in this stu ...
Arctic Fisheries and International Law
... Arctic marine area vs Arctic Ocean – Arctic Ocean << Arctic marine area • North of Bering Strait, Greenland, Svalbard & Franz Josef Land; not: Bering Sea and Barents Sea • Characteristics compared to more southerly areas: – Data, knowledge and insight in ecosystems limited – Currently no large-scale ...
... Arctic marine area vs Arctic Ocean – Arctic Ocean << Arctic marine area • North of Bering Strait, Greenland, Svalbard & Franz Josef Land; not: Bering Sea and Barents Sea • Characteristics compared to more southerly areas: – Data, knowledge and insight in ecosystems limited – Currently no large-scale ...
Introduction – Chapter 1
... • The ocean covers 71% of the Earth’s surface • Accounts for >97% of the Earth’s water! • The average depth of the ocean is 3,800 meters (12,500 feet) and at its deepest depth is 7,000 ft greater than the highest elevation on land (Mt. Everest 29,000 ft; Mariana Trench 36,163 ft) • The average tempe ...
... • The ocean covers 71% of the Earth’s surface • Accounts for >97% of the Earth’s water! • The average depth of the ocean is 3,800 meters (12,500 feet) and at its deepest depth is 7,000 ft greater than the highest elevation on land (Mt. Everest 29,000 ft; Mariana Trench 36,163 ft) • The average tempe ...
Advanced ocean data assimilations systems, based on improved
... At the beginning of ENSEMBLES a quantitative assessment of the ENACT system performances has been started through validation against observations and evaluation of assimilation statistics in order to detect the main deficiencies of the system and set up a strategy to improve it. Some of the ENACT re ...
... At the beginning of ENSEMBLES a quantitative assessment of the ENACT system performances has been started through validation against observations and evaluation of assimilation statistics in order to detect the main deficiencies of the system and set up a strategy to improve it. Some of the ENACT re ...
On November 29 - the National Sea Grant Library
... There are many other reasons why scientists want to learn more about hydrothermal vents. These underwater geysers are believed to play an important role in the ocean’s temperature, chemistry, and circulation patterns. ...
... There are many other reasons why scientists want to learn more about hydrothermal vents. These underwater geysers are believed to play an important role in the ocean’s temperature, chemistry, and circulation patterns. ...
COLLIER, ROBERT W. Molybdenum in the Northeast Pacific Ocean
... Pacific, this is perhaps the best environment to examine the dissolved distributions of metals as a test of the significance of biological cycling (Collier and Edmond 1984). For these reasons, it seemed appropriate to examine the distribution of molybdenum in the North Pacific using modern trace ele ...
... Pacific, this is perhaps the best environment to examine the dissolved distributions of metals as a test of the significance of biological cycling (Collier and Edmond 1984). For these reasons, it seemed appropriate to examine the distribution of molybdenum in the North Pacific using modern trace ele ...
Lesson 3: Protecting Ocean Hotspots
... 1a. The ocean is the dominant physical feature on our planet Earth—covering approximately 70% of the planet’s surface. There is one ocean with many ocean basins, such as the North Pacific, South Pacific, North Atlantic, South Atlantic, Indian and Arctic. 1b. An ocean basin’s size, shape and features ...
... 1a. The ocean is the dominant physical feature on our planet Earth—covering approximately 70% of the planet’s surface. There is one ocean with many ocean basins, such as the North Pacific, South Pacific, North Atlantic, South Atlantic, Indian and Arctic. 1b. An ocean basin’s size, shape and features ...
Sediment Deposition Supports Seafloor Spreading
... down through the water. Microfossils are fossilized microscopic organisms. Common 1500 m types include nannofossils, foraminifers, and diatoms. When microfossils are the major component of basement the sediment, then that sediment can be called an ooze. The sediment layer can be up to 2000 meters th ...
... down through the water. Microfossils are fossilized microscopic organisms. Common 1500 m types include nannofossils, foraminifers, and diatoms. When microfossils are the major component of basement the sediment, then that sediment can be called an ooze. The sediment layer can be up to 2000 meters th ...
Message from the OCCI Director Terry Joyce
... to tiny algae that live inside the coral Only 40% of the excess carbon dioxpolyps as symbionts. During coral ide stays in the atmosphere. The rest is bleaching events, in response to envitaken up in equal amounts by the land Limacina, a tiny swimming snail or pteropod, is comronmental stress (e.g., ...
... to tiny algae that live inside the coral Only 40% of the excess carbon dioxpolyps as symbionts. During coral ide stays in the atmosphere. The rest is bleaching events, in response to envitaken up in equal amounts by the land Limacina, a tiny swimming snail or pteropod, is comronmental stress (e.g., ...
Full-Text PDF
... from larger, wealthier Pacific Rim nations‘ payments of access fees to exploit their fisheries and, soon, perhaps their seabed minerals. The term Pacific Rim nations collectively refers to nations straddling the Asian and American continental borders of the Pacific Ocean (China, Taiwan, Japan, South ...
... from larger, wealthier Pacific Rim nations‘ payments of access fees to exploit their fisheries and, soon, perhaps their seabed minerals. The term Pacific Rim nations collectively refers to nations straddling the Asian and American continental borders of the Pacific Ocean (China, Taiwan, Japan, South ...
Module 3 -- Resources (PDF- 1462KB)
... open ocean. In the sunlight zone there are also animals that live on the surface and drift along with ocean currents such as zooplankton and jellyfish. The twilight zone The twilight zone is below the sunlit zone, between 200 and 1000 metres from the surface. There is less light, less oxygen, colder ...
... open ocean. In the sunlight zone there are also animals that live on the surface and drift along with ocean currents such as zooplankton and jellyfish. The twilight zone The twilight zone is below the sunlit zone, between 200 and 1000 metres from the surface. There is less light, less oxygen, colder ...
Using Isotopes to Understand the Oceans and Climate Change
... ridges. Consequently, oceanographers are starting to use 14C-calibrated circulation models to backcalculate the source location and inputs of 3He needed to account for the world-wide database of 3He measurements. Applying a similar “inverse modeling” strategy to other data, such as to measurements o ...
... ridges. Consequently, oceanographers are starting to use 14C-calibrated circulation models to backcalculate the source location and inputs of 3He needed to account for the world-wide database of 3He measurements. Applying a similar “inverse modeling” strategy to other data, such as to measurements o ...
Pacific Ocean
The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth's oceanic divisions. It extends from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Southern Ocean (or, depending on definition, to Antarctica) in the south and is bounded by Asia and Australia in the west and the Americas in the east.At 165.25 million square kilometers (63.8 million square miles) in area, this largest division of the World Ocean—and, in turn, the hydrosphere—covers about 46% of the Earth's water surface and about one-third of its total surface area, making it larger than all of the Earth's land area combined. The equator subdivides it into the North Pacific Ocean and South Pacific Ocean, with two exceptions: the Galápagos and Gilbert Islands, while straddling the equator, are deemed wholly within the South Pacific. The Mariana Trench in the western North Pacific is the deepest point in the world, reaching a depth of 10,911 metres (35,797 ft).The eastern Pacific Ocean was first sighted by Europeans in the early 16th century when Spanish explorer Vasco Núñez de Balboa crossed the Isthmus of Panama in 1513 and discovered the great ""southern sea"" which he named Mar del Sur. The ocean's current name was coined by Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan during the Spanish circumnavigation of the world in 1521, as he encountered favourable winds on reaching the ocean. He therefore called it Mar Pacifico in Portuguese, meaning ""peaceful sea"".