File
... 5. Reaction mechanisms and rate determining steps Thermodynamics 1. First law: enthalpy change; heat of formation; hear of reaction; Hess’ law; heats of vaporization and fusion; calorimetry 2. Second law: entropy; free energy of formation; free energy of reaction; dependence of change in free energy ...
... 5. Reaction mechanisms and rate determining steps Thermodynamics 1. First law: enthalpy change; heat of formation; hear of reaction; Hess’ law; heats of vaporization and fusion; calorimetry 2. Second law: entropy; free energy of formation; free energy of reaction; dependence of change in free energy ...
1 [Turn Over Section A For each question there are four possible
... No other combination of statements is used as a correct response. 36. Use of the Data Booklet is relevant to this question. When iron filings are added to nitric acid, a yellow solution and nitrogen dioxide gas are formed. On the addition of ammonium thiocyanate to the resultant solution, a bloodred ...
... No other combination of statements is used as a correct response. 36. Use of the Data Booklet is relevant to this question. When iron filings are added to nitric acid, a yellow solution and nitrogen dioxide gas are formed. On the addition of ammonium thiocyanate to the resultant solution, a bloodred ...
Lecture 1 and 2a - Thermochemistry
... because diamond is not the standard state of carbon. The enthalpy value for C(diamond) is 1.8kJ/mol. Example: Calculate the enthalpy change for the following reaction using standard enthalpy values found in a table of thermodynamic values. 2C2H6(g) + 7O2(g) → 4CO2(g) + 6H2O(g) ΔHºrxn = Solution: Loo ...
... because diamond is not the standard state of carbon. The enthalpy value for C(diamond) is 1.8kJ/mol. Example: Calculate the enthalpy change for the following reaction using standard enthalpy values found in a table of thermodynamic values. 2C2H6(g) + 7O2(g) → 4CO2(g) + 6H2O(g) ΔHºrxn = Solution: Loo ...
What Are Compounds? - Parma School District
... • The charges on the ions in an ionic compound reflect the electron distribution of the compound. • In order to indicate the general distribution of electrons among the bonded atoms in a molecular compound or a polyatomic ion, oxidation numbers are assigned to the atoms composing the compound or ion ...
... • The charges on the ions in an ionic compound reflect the electron distribution of the compound. • In order to indicate the general distribution of electrons among the bonded atoms in a molecular compound or a polyatomic ion, oxidation numbers are assigned to the atoms composing the compound or ion ...
chapter 23 the transition elements and their
... Transition elements in their lower oxidation states act more like metals. The oxidation state of chromium in CrF2 is +2 and in CrF6 is +6 (use –1 oxidation state of fluorine to find oxidation state of Cr). CrF2 exhibits greater metallic behavior than CrF6 because the chromium is in a lower oxidation ...
... Transition elements in their lower oxidation states act more like metals. The oxidation state of chromium in CrF2 is +2 and in CrF6 is +6 (use –1 oxidation state of fluorine to find oxidation state of Cr). CrF2 exhibits greater metallic behavior than CrF6 because the chromium is in a lower oxidation ...
The Gibbs Function of a Chemical Reaction*
... which the Gibbs function is measured. During a chemical reaction at constant temperature and pressure the chemical amounts of individual species J change. So do the chemical potentials, even for ideal systems, because the spontaneous mixing process by itself contributes to the Gibbs function. Let us ...
... which the Gibbs function is measured. During a chemical reaction at constant temperature and pressure the chemical amounts of individual species J change. So do the chemical potentials, even for ideal systems, because the spontaneous mixing process by itself contributes to the Gibbs function. Let us ...
IGCSE Revision Question Booklet Mark Scheme
... for 1 mark from left to right across the period, atoms of elements have more free electrons gains 1 mark but from left to right across the period, atoms of elements have more free electrons because they have more electrons in the outer shells gains 2 marks ...
... for 1 mark from left to right across the period, atoms of elements have more free electrons gains 1 mark but from left to right across the period, atoms of elements have more free electrons because they have more electrons in the outer shells gains 2 marks ...
As a result of activities in grades 9
... 8a Students know the rate of reaction is the decrease in concentration of reactants or the increase in concentration of products with time. alchemy/fir1d2.htm#rates 8b Students know how reaction rates depend on such factors as concentration, temperature, and pressure. alchemy/fir1d2.htm#rates 8c Stu ...
... 8a Students know the rate of reaction is the decrease in concentration of reactants or the increase in concentration of products with time. alchemy/fir1d2.htm#rates 8b Students know how reaction rates depend on such factors as concentration, temperature, and pressure. alchemy/fir1d2.htm#rates 8c Stu ...
physical setting chemistry
... 45 When a sample of gas is cooled in a sealed, rigid container, the pressure the gas exerts on the walls of the container will decrease because the gas particles hit the walls of the container (1) less often and with less force (2) less often and with more force (3) more often and with less force (4 ...
... 45 When a sample of gas is cooled in a sealed, rigid container, the pressure the gas exerts on the walls of the container will decrease because the gas particles hit the walls of the container (1) less often and with less force (2) less often and with more force (3) more often and with less force (4 ...
chem 13 news 2010 - University of Waterloo
... This exam is being written by several thousand students. Please be sure that you follow the instructions below. We'll send you a report on your performance. Top performers are eligible for a prize. The names of the top 200 students will be published in the September issue of Chem 13 News. ...
... This exam is being written by several thousand students. Please be sure that you follow the instructions below. We'll send you a report on your performance. Top performers are eligible for a prize. The names of the top 200 students will be published in the September issue of Chem 13 News. ...
Unit 3 Homework Booklet
... What volume would the following amounts of gas occupy? a) 2 moles of helium b) 0.1 moles of oxygen c) 5.5 moles of nitrogen d) 2.4 g of ozone e) 0.88 g of carbon dioxide f) 32 g of sulphur trioxide ...
... What volume would the following amounts of gas occupy? a) 2 moles of helium b) 0.1 moles of oxygen c) 5.5 moles of nitrogen d) 2.4 g of ozone e) 0.88 g of carbon dioxide f) 32 g of sulphur trioxide ...
BTEC National in Applied Science Unit 01 Sample redacted web
... configuration. They have full outer shells. This means they do not react easily and most do not react at all. Elements in the other groups do not have full outer shells. This means that they react to gain stable electronic configurations. Ionic bonding occurs when an atom of an element loses one or ...
... configuration. They have full outer shells. This means they do not react easily and most do not react at all. Elements in the other groups do not have full outer shells. This means that they react to gain stable electronic configurations. Ionic bonding occurs when an atom of an element loses one or ...
Solution
... Part 2: Short Answer Problems (175 pts total) Instructions: Enter answers in the boxes provided. Show your work. Where requested write explanations in fifteen words or less. 1.) (52 points) There is strong evidence that chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are responsible for the “ozone hole” which has occurr ...
... Part 2: Short Answer Problems (175 pts total) Instructions: Enter answers in the boxes provided. Show your work. Where requested write explanations in fifteen words or less. 1.) (52 points) There is strong evidence that chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are responsible for the “ozone hole” which has occurr ...
7.1 Describing Reactions
... If you examine this equation carefully, you will notice that the number of atoms on the left side does not equal the number of atoms on the right. The equation is not balanced. In order to show that mass is conserved during a reaction, a chemical equation must be balanced. You can balance a chemical ...
... If you examine this equation carefully, you will notice that the number of atoms on the left side does not equal the number of atoms on the right. The equation is not balanced. In order to show that mass is conserved during a reaction, a chemical equation must be balanced. You can balance a chemical ...
percent composition and formulas
... 1. Write the correct formula(s) for the reactants on the left side and the correct formula(s) for the product(s) on the right side of the equation. Ethane reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water C2H6 + O2 ...
... 1. Write the correct formula(s) for the reactants on the left side and the correct formula(s) for the product(s) on the right side of the equation. Ethane reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water C2H6 + O2 ...
Chemistry Final Exam Review
... 2. Complete the following reactions by giving the correct formulas for the products (there is no need to balance): a. P2O5 ...
... 2. Complete the following reactions by giving the correct formulas for the products (there is no need to balance): a. P2O5 ...
pdf version - Joliet Junior College
... moles as a variable. Thus, moles can in many ways be considered the chemists’ link between macro and micro scale quantities. Task: Write down as many equations you can featuring the mole. Use this information to construct a ‘spider’ (flow) chart illustrating how all these conversions ‘go through’ mo ...
... moles as a variable. Thus, moles can in many ways be considered the chemists’ link between macro and micro scale quantities. Task: Write down as many equations you can featuring the mole. Use this information to construct a ‘spider’ (flow) chart illustrating how all these conversions ‘go through’ mo ...
Unit 2:
... AP Chemistry End of Year Review (b) Predict how the ratio of the equilibrium pressures, ...
... AP Chemistry End of Year Review (b) Predict how the ratio of the equilibrium pressures, ...
No Slide Title
... Write the Lewis structure of the carbonate ion (CO32-). Step 1 – C is less electronegative than O, put C in center Step 2 – Count valence electrons C - 4 (2s22p2) and O - 6 (2s22p4) -2 charge – 2e4 + (3 x 6) + 2 = 24 valence electrons Step 3 – Draw single bonds between C and O atoms and complete oc ...
... Write the Lewis structure of the carbonate ion (CO32-). Step 1 – C is less electronegative than O, put C in center Step 2 – Count valence electrons C - 4 (2s22p2) and O - 6 (2s22p4) -2 charge – 2e4 + (3 x 6) + 2 = 24 valence electrons Step 3 – Draw single bonds between C and O atoms and complete oc ...
Experiment # 9 Properties of Oxygen
... Just as with metals and metalloids, the product of the reaction of oxygen with a nonmetal is an oxide. With nonmetals, the oxides formed are sometimes gaseous. For example, elemental sulfur (S8) reacts with oxygen to form sulfur dioxide, a poisonous gas that can be used as a food additive to sterili ...
... Just as with metals and metalloids, the product of the reaction of oxygen with a nonmetal is an oxide. With nonmetals, the oxides formed are sometimes gaseous. For example, elemental sulfur (S8) reacts with oxygen to form sulfur dioxide, a poisonous gas that can be used as a food additive to sterili ...
Monte Carlo Simulation of Water Radiolysis for
... The KURBUC code simulates electron tracks in water in the range 7.4 eV - 10 MeV.5) The transport of primary and secondary electrons is explicitly followed down to 7.4 eV at which point the residual energy was deposited at a random short distance. The cross sections considered in the code were electr ...
... The KURBUC code simulates electron tracks in water in the range 7.4 eV - 10 MeV.5) The transport of primary and secondary electrons is explicitly followed down to 7.4 eV at which point the residual energy was deposited at a random short distance. The cross sections considered in the code were electr ...
Redox
Redox reactions include all chemical reactions in which atoms have their oxidation state changed; in general, redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons between species. The term ""redox"" comes from two concepts involved with electron transfer: reduction and oxidation. It can be explained in simple terms: Oxidation is the loss of electrons or an increase in oxidation state by a molecule, atom, or ion. Reduction is the gain of electrons or a decrease in oxidation state by a molecule, atom, or ion.Although oxidation reactions are commonly associated with the formation of oxides from oxygen molecules, these are only specific examples of a more general concept of reactions involving electron transfer.Redox reactions, or oxidation-reduction reactions, have a number of similarities to acid–base reactions. Like acid–base reactions, redox reactions are a matched set, that is, there cannot be an oxidation reaction without a reduction reaction happening simultaneously. The oxidation alone and the reduction alone are each called a half-reaction, because two half-reactions always occur together to form a whole reaction. When writing half-reactions, the gained or lost electrons are typically included explicitly in order that the half-reaction be balanced with respect to electric charge.Though sufficient for many purposes, these descriptions are not precisely correct. Oxidation and reduction properly refer to a change in oxidation state — the actual transfer of electrons may never occur. The oxidation state of an atom is the fictitious charge that an atom would have if all bonds between atoms of different elements were 100% ionic. Thus, oxidation is better defined as an increase in oxidation state, and reduction as a decrease in oxidation state. In practice, the transfer of electrons will always cause a change in oxidation state, but there are many reactions that are classed as ""redox"" even though no electron transfer occurs (such as those involving covalent bonds).There are simple redox processes, such as the oxidation of carbon to yield carbon dioxide (CO2) or the reduction of carbon by hydrogen to yield methane (CH4), and more complex processes such as the oxidation of glucose (C6H12O6) in the human body through a series of complex electron transfer processes.