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Solids Chemistry XII - The Gurukul Institute
... f) Vacancies are introduced in an ionic solid when a solid of higher valence is added as an impurity in it. g) Zinc oxide on heating becomes yellow. h) The cation vacancies in certain crystals make them good catalysts. i) Non- Stokchieometric sodium chloride is a yellow solid. j) Solids with F – cen ...
... f) Vacancies are introduced in an ionic solid when a solid of higher valence is added as an impurity in it. g) Zinc oxide on heating becomes yellow. h) The cation vacancies in certain crystals make them good catalysts. i) Non- Stokchieometric sodium chloride is a yellow solid. j) Solids with F – cen ...
Bk2P06EE
... The positive value indicates that the reaction is feasible but it gives no information about the rate. Nevertheless, the activation energy for the reaction in (a)(ii) is likely to be small since it involves simple electron transfer without involving breaking of covalent bonds. Therefore, the reactio ...
... The positive value indicates that the reaction is feasible but it gives no information about the rate. Nevertheless, the activation energy for the reaction in (a)(ii) is likely to be small since it involves simple electron transfer without involving breaking of covalent bonds. Therefore, the reactio ...
Class 11 Class 12 The p- Block Element • Group13 (B to Tl
... The sharp decrease in I.E. from B to Al is due to increase in size. In case of Ga, there are ten d-electrons in its inner electronic configuration. The very high value of 3rd I. E. of thallium indicates that +3 O.N. state is not stable, rather +1 is more stable for thallium . Electropositive (or me ...
... The sharp decrease in I.E. from B to Al is due to increase in size. In case of Ga, there are ten d-electrons in its inner electronic configuration. The very high value of 3rd I. E. of thallium indicates that +3 O.N. state is not stable, rather +1 is more stable for thallium . Electropositive (or me ...
Chemistry
... Chemistry is about the study of matter, its interactions and transformations. At a macroscopic level, we observe matter and its interactions everywhere in our daily life. The microscopic level looks at the structure of matter that gives rise to these interactions. At O-Level, students have been intr ...
... Chemistry is about the study of matter, its interactions and transformations. At a macroscopic level, we observe matter and its interactions everywhere in our daily life. The microscopic level looks at the structure of matter that gives rise to these interactions. At O-Level, students have been intr ...
experiment 18: flame tests for metals
... Students watch a video segment and read text about the color of fireworks (particularly useful when following a chemistry lab in which powders of elements are placed over a flame to observe their spectral emission). They also watch a video segment and do an interactive activity on the mechanics of a ...
... Students watch a video segment and read text about the color of fireworks (particularly useful when following a chemistry lab in which powders of elements are placed over a flame to observe their spectral emission). They also watch a video segment and do an interactive activity on the mechanics of a ...
Chemistry A level transition - baseline assessment
... used to explain a lot of the chemical properties of elements. The ‘shells’ can be broken down into ‘orbitals’, which are given letters:’s’ orbitals, ‘p’ orbitals and ‘d’ orbitals. You can read about orbitals here: ...
... used to explain a lot of the chemical properties of elements. The ‘shells’ can be broken down into ‘orbitals’, which are given letters:’s’ orbitals, ‘p’ orbitals and ‘d’ orbitals. You can read about orbitals here: ...
Example 7.1: The following decomposition was studied at a given
... Determination of the Rate Law In the previous section we noted that the order of each reactant could be determined experimentally by measuring the initial rate of reaction over a range of initial concentrations. If we do this for each reactant then it is possible to determine the overall order of th ...
... Determination of the Rate Law In the previous section we noted that the order of each reactant could be determined experimentally by measuring the initial rate of reaction over a range of initial concentrations. If we do this for each reactant then it is possible to determine the overall order of th ...
Exam 2
... Answer all questions in the spaces provided. Section B is worth approximately 73 per cent of the marks available. To obtain full marks for your responses you should • give simplified answers with an appropriate number of significant figures to all numerical questions; unsimplified answers will not b ...
... Answer all questions in the spaces provided. Section B is worth approximately 73 per cent of the marks available. To obtain full marks for your responses you should • give simplified answers with an appropriate number of significant figures to all numerical questions; unsimplified answers will not b ...
solutions - chem.msu.su
... triacylglycerides, and the ionogenic groups are exposed towards intestinal lumen, leading to fat droplets emulsification. The form of emulsion is necessary for effective fat splitting, which is carried out by lipase enzyme. Since the conjugates have identical non-polar moiety, the effectiveness of f ...
... triacylglycerides, and the ionogenic groups are exposed towards intestinal lumen, leading to fat droplets emulsification. The form of emulsion is necessary for effective fat splitting, which is carried out by lipase enzyme. Since the conjugates have identical non-polar moiety, the effectiveness of f ...
ch15-Atmospheric Chemistry
... Free Radicals Acid-Base Reactions in the Atmosphere Inorganic Species in the Atmosphere Particles in the Atmosphere The Composition of Inorganic Particles ...
... Free Radicals Acid-Base Reactions in the Atmosphere Inorganic Species in the Atmosphere Particles in the Atmosphere The Composition of Inorganic Particles ...
B - eko.olunet.org
... Purity Grade of Compounds 3. In chemical experiments, the purity of the starting material and the composition of impurities/additives are of great importance. For his experiments, Thomas needed KBr with at least 95.0% purity. In order to determine the purity of an available inorganic compound, he w ...
... Purity Grade of Compounds 3. In chemical experiments, the purity of the starting material and the composition of impurities/additives are of great importance. For his experiments, Thomas needed KBr with at least 95.0% purity. In order to determine the purity of an available inorganic compound, he w ...
Year 11 C2 Mock Exam Revision Questions
... Phosphorus and fluorine form a covalent compound, phosphorus trifluoride. Complete the sentences below which are about this compound. Phosphorus trifluoride is made up of phosphorus and fluorine ................................ These are joined together by sharing pairs of .......................... ...
... Phosphorus and fluorine form a covalent compound, phosphorus trifluoride. Complete the sentences below which are about this compound. Phosphorus trifluoride is made up of phosphorus and fluorine ................................ These are joined together by sharing pairs of .......................... ...
〈541〉 TITRIMETRY
... In most cases, however, the use of an appropriate redox indicator will yield a much sharper endpoint. It may be necessary to adjust the oxidation state of the analyte prior to titration through use of an appropriate oxidizing or reducing agent; the excess reagent must then be removed, e.g., through ...
... In most cases, however, the use of an appropriate redox indicator will yield a much sharper endpoint. It may be necessary to adjust the oxidation state of the analyte prior to titration through use of an appropriate oxidizing or reducing agent; the excess reagent must then be removed, e.g., through ...
Fall 2002 Honors
... 11. (15 pts) What is the pH of a solution produced by dissolving 5.000 g chlorous acid and 5.000 g sodium chlorite in 100.0 mL water? 12. (15 pts) One step in the commercial production of nitric acid is the oxidation of ammonia with oxygen, an exothermic process. The reaction is: NH3 (g) + O2 (g) ! ...
... 11. (15 pts) What is the pH of a solution produced by dissolving 5.000 g chlorous acid and 5.000 g sodium chlorite in 100.0 mL water? 12. (15 pts) One step in the commercial production of nitric acid is the oxidation of ammonia with oxygen, an exothermic process. The reaction is: NH3 (g) + O2 (g) ! ...
4Chemical Quantities and Aqueous Reactions
... Earth’s average temperature would be about 60 °F colder than it is now. The temperature outside of my office today would be below 0 °F, and even the sunniest U.S. cities would most likely be covered with snow. However, if the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere were to increase, Eart ...
... Earth’s average temperature would be about 60 °F colder than it is now. The temperature outside of my office today would be below 0 °F, and even the sunniest U.S. cities would most likely be covered with snow. However, if the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere were to increase, Eart ...
Mineralization of Drugs in Aqueous Medium by Advanced Oxidation
... electro-Fenton process involves the enhancement of the oxidizing power of the above electrolytic system by adding small amounts of a catalyst like Fe2+, which reacts with electrogenerated H2O2 to yield •OH in solution from Fenton’s reaction (1). The most popular electro-Fenton method is the so-calle ...
... electro-Fenton process involves the enhancement of the oxidizing power of the above electrolytic system by adding small amounts of a catalyst like Fe2+, which reacts with electrogenerated H2O2 to yield •OH in solution from Fenton’s reaction (1). The most popular electro-Fenton method is the so-calle ...
Thermodynamics
... -If G<0, the reaction is spontaneous (forward dir.) -If G>0, the reaction is not spontaneous (forward dir.) -If G=0,the reaction is at equilibrium -A reaction is spontaneous in the forward direction only if ΔG is negative. -Spontaneity is controlled by enthalpy and entropy. If ΔH (-) & ΔS (+),the ...
... -If G<0, the reaction is spontaneous (forward dir.) -If G>0, the reaction is not spontaneous (forward dir.) -If G=0,the reaction is at equilibrium -A reaction is spontaneous in the forward direction only if ΔG is negative. -Spontaneity is controlled by enthalpy and entropy. If ΔH (-) & ΔS (+),the ...
Chapter 4 Student Presentation
... Rules of Oxidation Numbers • Elements have an oxidation number of 0. • The oxidation number of a monatomic ion is the same as its charge. • Oxygen has an oxidation number of 2- (except peroxides, O22-) • Hydrogen has an oxidation number of 1+ (except hydrides, H1-) • The sum of the oxidation number ...
... Rules of Oxidation Numbers • Elements have an oxidation number of 0. • The oxidation number of a monatomic ion is the same as its charge. • Oxygen has an oxidation number of 2- (except peroxides, O22-) • Hydrogen has an oxidation number of 1+ (except hydrides, H1-) • The sum of the oxidation number ...
Chapter 4: Chemical Reaction Dynamics
... 4.4 Reactive scattering: concepts, methods and examples 4.4.1 Motion on the PES The topology of the Born-Oppenheimer PES determines the dynamics of a chemical reaction. Even in the absence of exact QM reactive-scattering calculations, important insight into chemical dynamics can be gained from anal ...
... 4.4 Reactive scattering: concepts, methods and examples 4.4.1 Motion on the PES The topology of the Born-Oppenheimer PES determines the dynamics of a chemical reaction. Even in the absence of exact QM reactive-scattering calculations, important insight into chemical dynamics can be gained from anal ...
1 Assignment 4 Hydrogen – The Unique Element
... energy. In November 2010, Mitch Jacoby wrote a short report in a chemical newspaper on a nickel complex that could boost hydrogen oxidation.16 A team of US researchers at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory and Villanova University made a Ni2+ coordination compound where the metal centre was b ...
... energy. In November 2010, Mitch Jacoby wrote a short report in a chemical newspaper on a nickel complex that could boost hydrogen oxidation.16 A team of US researchers at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory and Villanova University made a Ni2+ coordination compound where the metal centre was b ...
10. 1 Directed Reading A
... _____ 16. Acid precipitation can result from a. ventifacts. b. abrasion. c. burning of fossil fuels. d. mechanical weathering. 17. Over a long period of time, acids in the groundwater can cause chemical weathering of limestone. This weathering can form a cavern, which is a type of __________________ ...
... _____ 16. Acid precipitation can result from a. ventifacts. b. abrasion. c. burning of fossil fuels. d. mechanical weathering. 17. Over a long period of time, acids in the groundwater can cause chemical weathering of limestone. This weathering can form a cavern, which is a type of __________________ ...
1 Assignment 5 Hydrogen – The Unique Element
... As mentioned earlier in this essay, there is immense interest in hydrogen fuel cells as a source of clean energy. In November 2010, Mitch Jacoby wrote a short report in a chemical newspaper on a nickel complex that could boost hydrogen oxidation.16 A team of US researchers at the Pacific Northwest N ...
... As mentioned earlier in this essay, there is immense interest in hydrogen fuel cells as a source of clean energy. In November 2010, Mitch Jacoby wrote a short report in a chemical newspaper on a nickel complex that could boost hydrogen oxidation.16 A team of US researchers at the Pacific Northwest N ...
Measuring Rates
... The analysis of the kinetic stability of biomolecules has been crucial in the evaluation of different theories about the origin of life. For example, chemical species needed for the synthesis of amino acids, such as CH4 and NH3, are abundant in hydrothermal vent regions with temperatures between 60 ...
... The analysis of the kinetic stability of biomolecules has been crucial in the evaluation of different theories about the origin of life. For example, chemical species needed for the synthesis of amino acids, such as CH4 and NH3, are abundant in hydrothermal vent regions with temperatures between 60 ...
1. (a) Write the electronic structure of a manganese atom and a Mn
... potassium manganate(VII) solution. In the reaction iron(II) ions are oxidised to iron(III) ions. If a solution contains both iron(II) and iron(III) ions, the concentration of each ion can be found by: • titrating samples of the original solution with standard potassium manganate(VII) solution • reac ...
... potassium manganate(VII) solution. In the reaction iron(II) ions are oxidised to iron(III) ions. If a solution contains both iron(II) and iron(III) ions, the concentration of each ion can be found by: • titrating samples of the original solution with standard potassium manganate(VII) solution • reac ...
Predicting Equations Reference #2
... reactants and then to write formulas for the products obtained as each indicated reaction takes place. In 2002, for example, the average score on this part of the examination was only 5.5 out of a possible 15. Yet college chemistry professors and AP Chemistry teachers are in agreement that the mater ...
... reactants and then to write formulas for the products obtained as each indicated reaction takes place. In 2002, for example, the average score on this part of the examination was only 5.5 out of a possible 15. Yet college chemistry professors and AP Chemistry teachers are in agreement that the mater ...
Redox
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/NaF.gif?width=300)
Redox reactions include all chemical reactions in which atoms have their oxidation state changed; in general, redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons between species. The term ""redox"" comes from two concepts involved with electron transfer: reduction and oxidation. It can be explained in simple terms: Oxidation is the loss of electrons or an increase in oxidation state by a molecule, atom, or ion. Reduction is the gain of electrons or a decrease in oxidation state by a molecule, atom, or ion.Although oxidation reactions are commonly associated with the formation of oxides from oxygen molecules, these are only specific examples of a more general concept of reactions involving electron transfer.Redox reactions, or oxidation-reduction reactions, have a number of similarities to acid–base reactions. Like acid–base reactions, redox reactions are a matched set, that is, there cannot be an oxidation reaction without a reduction reaction happening simultaneously. The oxidation alone and the reduction alone are each called a half-reaction, because two half-reactions always occur together to form a whole reaction. When writing half-reactions, the gained or lost electrons are typically included explicitly in order that the half-reaction be balanced with respect to electric charge.Though sufficient for many purposes, these descriptions are not precisely correct. Oxidation and reduction properly refer to a change in oxidation state — the actual transfer of electrons may never occur. The oxidation state of an atom is the fictitious charge that an atom would have if all bonds between atoms of different elements were 100% ionic. Thus, oxidation is better defined as an increase in oxidation state, and reduction as a decrease in oxidation state. In practice, the transfer of electrons will always cause a change in oxidation state, but there are many reactions that are classed as ""redox"" even though no electron transfer occurs (such as those involving covalent bonds).There are simple redox processes, such as the oxidation of carbon to yield carbon dioxide (CO2) or the reduction of carbon by hydrogen to yield methane (CH4), and more complex processes such as the oxidation of glucose (C6H12O6) in the human body through a series of complex electron transfer processes.