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Embryology of Flowering Plants Applied to Cytogenetic Studies on
Embryology of Flowering Plants Applied to Cytogenetic Studies on

... 3. Meiosis and pollen grain: Cellular and subcellular aspects The life cycle of plants consists of two generations: a sporophytic, diploid, and a gametophytic, haploid (Hofmeister 1851; Cocucci 1969; Cocucci & Mariath 1995). In seeds plants, gametophytic and thus sexuated generation begins from a sp ...
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... large number of genes, usually dominant, which are stage-, site- and time-specific. The normal pattern of meiosis can be drastically modified by several mutations (Kaul and Murthy 1985). Those leading to the production of gametes with an unreduced chromosome number (2n gametes) have been found in se ...
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... There are three billion pairs of these bases in all of your cells. They provide the information necessary to form your body and make it function. The part of DNA that provides the information for what you or any other living thing looks like is found in the arrangement of the four DNA bases. These ...
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Ploidy



Ploidy is the number of sets of chromosomes in a cell. Usually a gamete (sperm or egg, which fuse into a single cell during the fertilization phase of sexual reproduction) carries a full set of chromosomes that includes a single copy of each chromosome, as aneuploidy generally leads to severe genetic disease in the offspring. The gametic or haploid number (n) is the number of chromosomes in a gamete. Two gametes form a diploid zygote with twice this number (2n, the zygotic or diploid number) i.e. two copies of autosomal chromosomes. For humans, a diploid species, n = 23. A typical human somatic cell contains 46 chromosomes: 2 complete haploid sets, which make up 23 homologous chromosome pairs.Because chromosome number is generally reduced only by the specialized process of meiosis, the somatic cells of the body inherit and maintain the chromosome number of the zygote. However, in many situations somatic cells double their copy number by means of endoreduplication as an aspect of cellular differentiation. For example, the hearts of two-year-old children contain 85% diploid and 15% tetraploid nuclei, but by 12 years of age the proportions become approximately equal, and adults examined contained 27% diploid, 71% tetraploid and 2% octaploid nuclei.Cells are described according to the number of sets present (the ploidy level): monoploid (1 set), diploid (2 sets), triploid (3 sets), tetraploid (4 sets), pentaploid (5 sets), hexaploid (6 sets), heptaploid or septaploid (7 sets), etc. The generic term polyploid is frequently used to describe cells with three or more sets of chromosomes (triploid or higher ploidy).
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