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Chapter 9
Chapter 9

... F1 hybrids will produce two classes of gametes, 50% with the purpleflower allele and 50% with whiteflower allele. During self-pollination and fertilization, gametes unite ...
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... X chromosome, and there is no counterpart on the Y chromosome. Because females have two X chromosomes, a recessive allele might be masked by the presence of a dominant allele. However, because males have only one X chromosome, recessive traits are often expressed since there is no other allele to ma ...
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Chapter 4: The Chromosome Theory of Inheritance - McGraw

...  Manolakou, P., G. Lavranos and R. Angelopoulou. 2006. Molecular Patterns of Sex Determination in the Animal Kingdom: A Comparative Study of the Biology of Reproduction. Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol. 4(1):59. [Entrez-PubMed link] This recent manuscript provides a review of what is known about the molec ...
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Skewed X-inactivation

Skewed X chromosome inactivation occurs when the inactivation of one X chromosome is favored over the other, leading to an uneven number of cells with each chromosome inactivated. It is usually defined as one allele being found on the active X chromosome in over 75% of cells, and extreme skewing is when over 90% of cells have inactivated the same X chromosome. It can be caused by primary nonrandom inactivation, either by chance due to a small cell pool or directed by genes, or caused by secondary nonrandom inactivation, which occurs by selection. Most females will have some levels of skewing. It is relatively common in adult females; around 35% of women have skewed ratio over 70:30, and 7% of women have an extreme skewed ratio of over 90:10. This is of medical significance due to the potential for the expression of disease genes present on the X chromosome that are normally not expressed due to random X inactivation. X chromosome inactivation occurs in females to provide dosage compensation between the sexes. If females kept both X chromosomes active they would have twice the number of active X genes than males, who only have one copy of the X chromosome. At approximately the time of implantation (see Implantation (human embryo), one of the two X chromosomes is randomly selected for inactivation. The cell undergoes transcriptional and epigenetic changes to ensure this inactivation is permanent. All progeny from these initial cells will maintain the inactivation of the same chromosome, resulting in a mosaic pattern of cells in females.
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