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B3_revision_notes
B3_revision_notes

... lay more eggs, crops that are resistant to certain diseases, crops that are resistant to flood/drought Transferring genes Scientists can take genes from one organism and put them into a different organism. These changes are called genetic engineering or genetic modification (GM) How genetic engineer ...
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... Surrogate dragon parent partners must be of the opposite sex, therefore one parent must pick up the double X chromosomes while the other must pick up the X/Y chromosomes. The homologous chromosomes will be separated according to Mendel’s law of Independent Assortment. The genetic codes that are pass ...
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... Review Relay 3 Protein Synthesis 1. _________________________ process of making mRNA _________________________ process of copying DNA _________________________ process of assembling amino acids at the ribosome _________________________ place to find DNA in the cell _________________________ place o ...
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... more than one gene. In humans, there are several obvious examples of polygenic traits such as hair color, eye color, height and skin tone. Traits that are polygenic tend to show great degrees of variation. ...
Printable version - Chromosome 18 Registry and Research Society
Printable version - Chromosome 18 Registry and Research Society

... precisely packaged. The chemical structure called DNA is shown in red and blue. This is the DNA double helix. The pairs of blue chemical subunits are the base pairs. This chromosome is actually a long string of base pairs. This string is wound around proteins shown in green like beads on a string. T ...
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bio genetics review guide - Google Docs

... one  specific  form  of  a  gene,  differing  from  other  alleles  by  one  or  a  few  bases   only  and  occupying  the  same  locus  as  other  alleles  of  the  gene.   Genome   The  whole  of  the  genetic  information  of ...
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ppt version

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... all X-linked alleles are expressed in males, even recessive alleles. In determining human gender, all eggs carry a single X chromosome, while half of the sperm carry an X and the other half carry a Y. This means that the odds are approximately 50/50 of having either a boy or a girl when a sperm and ...
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alleles - www .alexandria .k12 .mn .us
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... a color blind male. Give the phenotypes and genotypes of the offspring including the sex of the children. Can any of them be color-blind? 10) Use a Punnett square to show the offspring of a cross between woman who carries the hemophilia gene and a man who is a hemophiliac. Give the phenotypes and ge ...
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... • Natural Selection An allele that is harmful is unlikely to become established, as it will be selected against, due to the individual’s chances of survival AND successful reproduction being reduced • OR An allele that is favourable will be selected for and become established in the gene pool as the ...
78KB - NZQA
78KB - NZQA

... • Natural Selection An allele that is harmful is unlikely to become established, as it will be selected against, due to the individual’s chances of survival AND successful reproduction being reduced • OR An allele that is favourable will be selected for and become established in the gene pool as the ...
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Polyploid



Polyploid cells and organisms are those containing more than two paired (homologous) sets of chromosomes. Most species whose cells have nuclei (Eukaryotes) are diploid, meaning they have two sets of chromosomes—one set inherited from each parent. However, polyploidy is found in some organisms and is especially common in plants. In addition, polyploidy occurs in some tissues of animals that are otherwise diploid, such as human muscle tissues. This is known as endopolyploidy. Species whose cells do not have nuclei, that is, Prokaryotes, may be polyploid organisms, as seen in the large bacterium Epulopicium fishelsoni [1]. Hence ploidy is defined with respect to a cell. Most eukaryotes have diploid somatic cells, but produce haploid gametes (eggs and sperm) by meiosis. A monoploid has only one set of chromosomes, and the term is usually only applied to cells or organisms that are normally diploid. Male bees and other Hymenoptera, for example, are monoploid. Unlike animals, plants and multicellular algae have life cycles with two alternating multicellular generations. The gametophyte generation is haploid, and produces gametes by mitosis, the sporophyte generation is diploid and produces spores by meiosis.Polyploidy refers to a numerical change in a whole set of chromosomes. Organisms in which a particular chromosome, or chromosome segment, is under- or overrepresented are said to be aneuploid (from the Greek words meaning ""not"", ""good"", and ""fold""). Therefore the distinction between aneuploidy and polyploidy is that aneuploidy refers to a numerical change in part of the chromosome set, whereas polyploidy refers to a numerical change in the whole set of chromosomes.Polyploidy may occur due to abnormal cell division, either during mitosis, or commonly during metaphase I in meiosis.Polyploidy occurs in some animals, such as goldfish, salmon, and salamanders, but is especially common among ferns and flowering plants (see Hibiscus rosa-sinensis), including both wild and cultivated species. Wheat, for example, after millennia of hybridization and modification by humans, has strains that are diploid (two sets of chromosomes), tetraploid (four sets of chromosomes) with the common name of durum or macaroni wheat, and hexaploid (six sets of chromosomes) with the common name of bread wheat. Many agriculturally important plants of the genus Brassica are also tetraploids.Polyploidy can be induced in plants and cell cultures by some chemicals: the best known is colchicine, which can result in chromosome doubling, though its use may have other less obvious consequences as well. Oryzalin will also double the existing chromosome content.
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