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A New Zero-Field Paramagnetic Resonance Spectrometer
A New Zero-Field Paramagnetic Resonance Spectrometer

(
(

... function normalized to the collector current of B.5. Note that the above circuit topology, due to the low photodiode current level, can also be implemented by using MOS transistors working in the subthreshold region. In fact, MOS transistors show an exponential function of the drain current versus t ...
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... user can reduce the clock frequency (fSCLK) to lower the sample rate. Figure 10 shows the typical supply current (IVDD) as a function of sample rate (fS). The part operates in normal mode and is never powered down. The user can also power down the ADC between conversions by using the power-down mode ...
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Lecture21

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Discretes – Explanations – Thyristors / Diodes
Discretes – Explanations – Thyristors / Diodes

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Cowman? Form? HA/GMS

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... has to meet special requirements typical for overhead line fed vehicles. The drives and specially their control should be robust to wide overhead line voltage tolerance (typically from -30 % to +20 %), voltage surges and input filter oscillations. These aspects may cause problems during flux weakeni ...
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Resistive opto-isolator



Resistive opto-isolator (RO), also called photoresistive opto-isolator, vactrol (after a genericized trademark introduced by Vactec, Inc. in the 1960s), analog opto-isolator or lamp-coupled photocell, is an optoelectronic device consisting of a source and detector of light, which are optically coupled and electrically isolated from each other. The light source is usually a light-emitting diode (LED), a miniature incandescent lamp, or sometimes a neon lamp, whereas the detector is a semiconductor-based photoresistor made of cadmium selenide (CdSe) or cadmium sulfide (CdS). The source and detector are coupled through a transparent glue or through the air.Electrically, RO is a resistance controlled by the current flowing through the light source. In the dark state, the resistance typically exceeds a few MOhm; when illuminated, it decreases as the inverse of the light intensity. In contrast to the photodiode and phototransistor, the photoresistor can operate in both the AC and DC circuits and have a voltage of several hundred volts across it. The harmonic distortions of the output current by the RO are typically within 0.1% at voltages below 0.5 V.RO is the first and the slowest opto-isolator: its switching time exceeds 1 ms, and for the lamp-based models can reach hundreds of milliseconds. Parasitic capacitance limits the frequency range of the photoresistor by ultrasonic frequencies. Cadmium-based photoresistors exhibit a ""memory effect"": their resistance depends on the illumination history; it also drifts during the illumination and stabilizes within hours, or even weeks for high-sensitivity models. Heating induces irreversible degradation of ROs, whereas cooling to below −25 °C dramatically increases the response time. Therefore, ROs were mostly replaced in the 1970s by the faster and more stable photodiodes and photoresistors. ROs are still used in some sound equipment, guitar amplifiers and analog synthesizers owing to their good electrical isolation, low signal distortion and ease of circuit design.
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