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Electrical Definitions
Electrical Definitions

... dramatic improvements to the steam engine. If I lift a brick one meter in one second or if I lift it in two seconds, I have done the same amount of work; but the power is greater the faster I lift the brick. In a gravitational field, P=Mgd/t=Mgv, where v is the velocity of the mass, M. Electrical po ...
AN ELECTRONICALLY ISOLATED 12
AN ELECTRONICALLY ISOLATED 12

... high input current distortion. The 12-pulse and 18-pulse techniques used to reduce input current harmonics are popular because of their simplicity but are bulky and expensive. Autotransformer techniques require additional external magnetic components that are bulky and add to the cost of the system. ...
RLM Series, Sealed Lead Calcium battery
RLM Series, Sealed Lead Calcium battery

... eliminates the need for a contractor’s return to a job site to connect the batteries when the building’s main power is permanently turned on. ...
RPI-246
RPI-246

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... – External stimuli used to synchronize brain wave frequencies • Our project will use both audio and video stimuli to synchronize waves ...
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Lab 1.4.1 - Digilent Learn site
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... Diodes are two-terminal semiconductor devices that conduct current in only one direction. The terminals of a diode are called the anode and the cathode; diodes are intended to conduct current from the anode to the cathode. Diodes have a minimum threshold voltage (or Vth, usually around 0.7V) that mu ...
LCR and resonance
LCR and resonance

... This is known as the resonant condition for the circuit. You can see that since XL and XC are frequency-dependent, the resonant condition depends on the frequency of the applied a.c. Every series a.c. circuit has a frequency for which resonance occurs, known as its resonant frequency (fo). This is g ...
Practice_Electricity_Solutions2
Practice_Electricity_Solutions2

... Hoover Dam generates 2,000,000,000 watts (info from #14 in Lab 5), so a lightning bolt generates about 500 times the power of Hoover Dam. However, a lightning bolt only lasts an instant, so the the total energy delivered over a long period of time is nowhere near what Hoover Dam supplies, so it woul ...
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Revision on Op-amp

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START-DET PMT-Base-H..

... where 4KT = 1.63 x 10-20 W/Hz (at 70.5 degrees F), R = resistance in ohms, and  f is frequency bandwidth in Hz. Using 2 G ohm total resistance, and a bandwidth of 10 Hz we obtain a voltage noise contribution of ~18 uV which would translate into a current noise of 0.18 nA across the sense resistor. ...
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New Product Current Regulators Simplify the Driving of LEDs

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... P1: An automobile has a 18-W reading lamp in the ceiling. This lamp operates with a voltage drop of 12 V across it. How much current flows through the lamp? P2: How much current will flow through a 60-W household table lamp, when connected to a 120-volt outlet? ...
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... 2. What is the gain of an ideal op‐amp? 3. Draw the output waveform for circuit in Fig. 5 if a 1 Hz sinusoidal signal is fed at the input of the ...
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... When a resistor is traversed in the direction of the current, the potential difference DV across the resistor is 2IR. When a resistor is traversed in the direction opposite the current, DV 5 1IR. When a source of emf is traversed in the direction of the emf (negative terminal to positive terminal), ...
—and Vacuum Cleaners Current Transformers  are they used?
—and Vacuum Cleaners Current Transformers are they used?

... lower the resistance, the lower the possible operating frequency for a given transformer. If the transformer output is applied to the inverting input of an op amp with resistive feedback, the resistance is very low, so the minimum operating frequency is also very low. It is often possible to use a m ...
LOYOLA COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS), CHENNAI – 600 034
LOYOLA COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS), CHENNAI – 600 034

... 11. A constant dc voltage of 10 volts is connected in series with resistances 4Ω & 3Ω. Another load resistance RL is connected across the 3Ω resistance. Use Norton’s theorem to determine the current through RL in the circuit. 12. What is the need for biasing the transistor? Explain the Fixed Bias me ...
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Resistive opto-isolator



Resistive opto-isolator (RO), also called photoresistive opto-isolator, vactrol (after a genericized trademark introduced by Vactec, Inc. in the 1960s), analog opto-isolator or lamp-coupled photocell, is an optoelectronic device consisting of a source and detector of light, which are optically coupled and electrically isolated from each other. The light source is usually a light-emitting diode (LED), a miniature incandescent lamp, or sometimes a neon lamp, whereas the detector is a semiconductor-based photoresistor made of cadmium selenide (CdSe) or cadmium sulfide (CdS). The source and detector are coupled through a transparent glue or through the air.Electrically, RO is a resistance controlled by the current flowing through the light source. In the dark state, the resistance typically exceeds a few MOhm; when illuminated, it decreases as the inverse of the light intensity. In contrast to the photodiode and phototransistor, the photoresistor can operate in both the AC and DC circuits and have a voltage of several hundred volts across it. The harmonic distortions of the output current by the RO are typically within 0.1% at voltages below 0.5 V.RO is the first and the slowest opto-isolator: its switching time exceeds 1 ms, and for the lamp-based models can reach hundreds of milliseconds. Parasitic capacitance limits the frequency range of the photoresistor by ultrasonic frequencies. Cadmium-based photoresistors exhibit a ""memory effect"": their resistance depends on the illumination history; it also drifts during the illumination and stabilizes within hours, or even weeks for high-sensitivity models. Heating induces irreversible degradation of ROs, whereas cooling to below −25 °C dramatically increases the response time. Therefore, ROs were mostly replaced in the 1970s by the faster and more stable photodiodes and photoresistors. ROs are still used in some sound equipment, guitar amplifiers and analog synthesizers owing to their good electrical isolation, low signal distortion and ease of circuit design.
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